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MSN 6101 > Week 2 > Flashcards

Week 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What drugs do to the body

A

Pharmacodynamics

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2
Q

What the body does to drugs

A

Pharmacokinetics

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3
Q

30% of elderly population use more than 5 prescription medications, this is called

A

Polypharmacy

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4
Q

Most drugs are physiological poisons, which impair normal functions and are adverse to health. This is called

A

Toximolecular

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5
Q

Drug absorption depends on

A

Physical form
Particle size
pH of GI that
Solubility in fats

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6
Q

Nutrient absorption depends on

A

Ease of digestibility by enzymes

GI secretions

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7
Q

Drugs effect nutrients by altering (4)

A

Food intake
Nutrient absorption
Nutrient metabolism
Nutrient excretion

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8
Q

Specific drug-nutrient interactions

A

…there are many of them…

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9
Q

An organic compound obtained via the diet, needed to maintain cellular metabolic integrity

A

Vitamin

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10
Q

A non-protein organic compound that is required for function of specific enzymes

A

Coenzyme

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11
Q

Most important B vitamin for pregnant women

A

Folate

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12
Q

Food sources of folate

A

Leafy green vegetables
Fruits
Beans
Peas

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13
Q

Deficiencies in vitamin b12 or folate may result in

A

Megaloblastic, macrocytic anemia

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14
Q

Adequate folate before and immediately during pregnancy protects against

A

Neural tube defects

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15
Q

The Neural tube is the embryo’s precursor to the

A

Central nervous system (brain + spinal cord)

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16
Q

High ____ levels are associated with higher risk of coronary heart disease, stroke, peripheral vascular disease

A

Homocysteine

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17
Q

3 vitamins regulate Homocysteine in the body

A

Folic acid
Vitamin b6
Vitamin b12

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18
Q

Vitamin involved in AA/protein metabolism

A

Vitamin b6

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19
Q

Three forms of vit b6

A

Pyridoxine
Pyridoxal
Pyridoxamine

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20
Q

Food sources of vit b6

A 
Liver
Legumes
Whole grains
Lentils
Nuts
Avocados
Bananas
Potatoes
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21
Q

Vitamin that requires intrinsic factor (IF) for absorption

A

Vitamin b12, cobalamin

IF is secreted in the stomach, so anyone who has had a gastrictomy is vulnerable to vit b12 deficiency

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22
Q

Vitamin b12 is also called

A

Cobalamin

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23
Q

Vitamin b12 food sources

A 
Meat
Meat products
Poultry
Fish 
Shellfish
Eggs
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24
Q

Deficiency of this vitamin causes pellagra

A

Niacin or vitamin b3

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25
Q

vitamin b3 is also called

A

Niacin

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26
Q

Food sources of vitamin b3

A 
Cereals
Legumes
Oilseeds
Meat
Chicken
Fish
Diary products
Beverages: coffee and tea
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27
Q

Pellagra (3 Ds)

A

Dermatitis
Diarrhea
Dementia

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28
Q

What is the yellow b vitamin?

A

Vit b2 or riboflavin

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29
Q

Vitamin b2 is also called

A

riboflavin

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30
Q

riboflavin food sources

A 
Meat
Fish
Poultry
Dairy
Eggs
Legumes
Green leafy vegetables
Fruits
Grains
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31
Q

riboflavin b2 deficiency

A 
Impaired growth
Dermatitis
Soreness or burning of lips
Glossitis
Weakness
Decreased visual function
Anemia
Neuropathy
Burning/itching eyes
32
Q

Deficiency of this b vitamin causes beriberi

A

Thiamin or vit b1

33
Q

vit b1 is also called

A

Thiamin

34
Q

Vit b1 or Thiamin food sources

A

Cereal
Nuts
Meat
Legumes

35
Q

Beriberi

A 
Mental confusion
Anorexia
Muscular weakness
Edema
Muscle wasting
Tachycardia
Enlarged heart

Means “I can’t, I can’t” in Singhalese

36
Q

Raw eggs affect absorption of this b vitamin

A

Biotin or vit b7

37
Q

Food sources of biotin, vit b7

A 
Yeast
Liver
Organ meats
Soybeans
Rice bran
Peanut and almond butter
Egg yolk
Cauliflower
38
Q

Deficiency of vit b7, biotin has been observed in consumers of raw eggs because raw eggs contain avidin, avidin is a protein that binds biotin. Cooking eggs denatures avidin.

Sx of deficiency:

A 
Dermatitis
Increased skins dryness
Mental depression
Muscle pain
Nausea
Anorexia
Hypercholesterolemia
39
Q

Pathothenic acid is also

A

Vit b5

40
Q

Sources of pathothenic acid, vit b5

A 
Liver
Egg yolk
Broccoli
Yeast
Fish
Shellfish
Chicken
Milk
Yogurt
Legumes
Mushrooms
Avocados
Sweet potatoes
Whole grains
41
Q

pathothenic acid, vit b5 is lost with

A

Freezing, canning foods and the processing and refining of grains

42
Q

pathothenic acid, vit b5 deficiency

A

Is rare

43
Q

Deficiency of this vit causes scurvy

A

Vit c

44
Q

What do these vitamins have in common?

Thiamin, b1
Riboflavin, b2
Niacin, b3
Pathothenic acid, b5
Vit b6, pyridoxine etc
Biotin, b7
Folate, b9
Cobalamin, b12
Ascorbic acid, vit c
A

Water soluble vitamins

45
Q

What do these vitamins hav in common?

Vit a
Vit d
Vit e
Vit k

A

Fat soluble vitamins

46
Q

Deficiency in this vitamin leads to blindness

A

Vitamin a

47
Q

Vitamin a forms include:

A

Retinoids

Carotenoids

48
Q

Deficiency in vit A can cause

A

Night blindness because there is a delay in the regeneration of rhodopsin (because there isn’t enough retinal to join opsin)

This is a reversible symptom of vit A def

49
Q

Adverse effects of vitamin A supplementation

A

Cancer? in smokers
Hepatotoxicity? in alcoholics
Osteoporosis? in animal models at least
Birth defects

50
Q

Vitamin d2 is also called

A

Ergocalciferol

51
Q

Vit d3 is called

A

Cholecalciferol

52
Q

25(OH) vit d3; 25-hydroxyl-vitamin d3; 25-hydroxycholecalciferol is called

A

Calcidiol

53
Q

1,25(OH)2 vit d3: 1,25-I’d hydro you-vit d3 is called

A

Calcitriol

54
Q

Vitamin d food sources

A 
Eggs
Liver
Butter
Fatty fish
Milk
Margarine
55
Q

From the sun, vit D is formed in this way:

A

7-dehydrocholesterol is exposed to UV light, becomes pre-vitamin D3.

Pre-vit d3 is converted to vit d3

Vit d3 diffuses from skin into blood where it binds to vit d binding protein

56
Q

Active form of vit d

A

1,25(OH)2 vit d3

57
Q

The active form of vit d (1,25(OH)2 vitamin D3) functions to maintain normal __ levels in the blood

A

Calcium

58
Q

When Ca levels fall in the kidney, vitamin D3

A

stimulates reabsorption of Ca

59
Q

When Ca levels fall in the intestine vitamin D3

A

stimulates absorption of Ca

60
Q

When Ca levels fall in the bone, vitamin D3

A

stimulates the release of Ca into blood along with PTH (parathyroid hormone)

61
Q

When Ca levels rise in the bone, vit d3

A

Stimulates deposition of Ca with aid of calcitonin

62
Q

When Ca levels fall, PTH is produced and release by

A

Parathyroid gland

Kidney:
1. PTH stimulates synthesis of more 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D3
2. PTH stimulates reabsorption of Ca
Bone:
PTH stimulates release of Ca into blood with 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D3

63
Q

Vitamin D deficiency (3)

A

Rickets (bowed bone)
Osteomalacia (soft bone)
Osteoporosis (porous bone)

64
Q

How to assess vitamin D status

A

Measure 25(OH)vitamin d3 in the blood

65
Q

Adverse effects of vit D:

A

Hypercalcemia?
Heart issues?
Kidney stones?

66
Q

What vitamin is a free radical scavenger

A

Vitamin E

67
Q

What form of vitamin E has the most activity

A

Tocopherols (alpha, beta, gamma, delta)

68
Q

Vitamin E works with what other vitamin

A

Vit C

Antioxidant capacity of vit E can be restored/recycled by vit C

69
Q

Increased polyunsaturated fatty acid [increases/decreases] need for vitamin E

A

Increases

70
Q

Vit E deficiency is rare. Sx:

A

RBC rupture leading to anemia

71
Q

Toxicity of vitamin E

A

Large doses can inhibit blood clotting by interfering with the action of vitamin K

72
Q

Synthetic forms of vitamin E are labed

A

“dl”

Natural forms are labeled “d” e.g. d-alpha tocopherol

73
Q

What vitamin is involved in coagulation?

A

Vitamin k

74
Q

50% of vit k is derived from what organ?

A

colon

75
Q

Functions of vitamin k

A 
Blood clotting (prothrombin and fibrin)
Bone mineralization
76
Q

Tx for vitamin K toxicity is the administration of

A

Dicumarol or Warfarin, anticoagulants

MSN 6101 (10 decks)

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