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MSN 6101 > Week 3 > Flashcards

Week 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride are all

A

Macrominerals

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2
Q

Macrominerals are required in amounts of

A

> 100 mg/day

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3
Q

Iron, zinc, copper, selenium, chromium, iodine, manganese, molybdenum, fluorine, nickel, silicon, vanadium, arsenic, born, cobalt are

A

Microminerals

Aka trace elements

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4
Q

Microminerals are required in amounts

A

<100 mg/day

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5
Q

Minerals constitute approx __% of total body weight

A

4%

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6
Q

T/F micronutrients require enzymes for absorption

A

False. Macronutrients (protein, fat, carb) do though.

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7
Q

Absorption of minerals takes place in the

A

Small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum)

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8
Q

The absorption of minerals is affected by (3)

A

GI pH

Food components in the diet

Mineral-mineral interactions (evident in supplemental form)

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9
Q

Calcium absorption is enhanced by (2)

A

Lactose

Vitamin D

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10
Q

Calcium absorption is inhibited by (3)

A

Fiber
Phytate
Fatty acids

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11
Q

Iron absorption is enhanced by (2)

A

Vitamin C

Meat

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12
Q

Iron absorption is inhibited by (5)

A 
Fiber
Phytate
Tannins (tea)
Oxalate (spinach)
Proteins (soy protein, egg protein, casein)
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13
Q

Zinc absorption is inhibited by

A

Fiber
Phytate
Tannins (tea)
Oxalate (spinach)

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14
Q 
What mineral participants in the following functions:
Nerve transmission
Muscle contraction
Synthesis of hormones and enzymes
Mineralization of bones
Blood clotting
A

Calcium

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15
Q

Insufficient serum calcium levels contribute to increased PTH and calcitriol, which

A

Demineralization bone tissue = osteoporosis

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16
Q

3 or ones regulate calcium

A

Parathyroid hormone
1,25(OH)2 vitamin D3
Calcitonin

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17
Q

Parathyroid hormone is produced in the

A

Parathyroid gland

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18
Q

1,25(OH)2 vitamin D3 AKA calcitriol is synthesized in the

A

Kidneys

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19
Q

Calcitonin is produced by

A

Thyroid gland

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20
Q

1,25(OH)2 vitamin D3 AKA

A

Calcitriol is the active form of vitamin D

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21
Q

Plasma calcium falls below 10mg/100 ml what happens?

A

PT gland secretes PTH

  1. PTH acts on kidney to form Calcitriol; Calcitriol stimulates kidney to conserve Ca
  2. PTH acts on bone to stimulate mobilization of Ca away from bone (and keep in plasma)

Calcitriol acts on intestine
1. Stimulates intestinal absorption of Ca

Calcitriol acts on bones
1. Mobilizes calcium away from bone

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22
Q

Plasma calcium rise above 10mg/100 ml what happens?

A

Thyroid gland secretes calcitonin, deposit Ca on bone tissue

Calcitriol deposits Ca on bone tissue

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23
Q

__ deficiency is most prevalent micronutrient def in the world

A

Iron

Followed by: vit A, iodine, zinc

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24
Q

2 forms of iron

A 
Heme iron (animal foods)
Non-heme iron (fortified and plant foods)
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25
Q

Storage form of Fe in body is called

A

Ferritin

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26
Q

What is the iron receptor name?

A

Transferrin receptor - the more tfR on a cell body, the more iron deficient

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27
Q

What plays a role in growth and immunity?

A

Zinc

28
Q

Zn deficiency

A

Growth failure
Eczema, rashes, acrodermatitis enterohepatica
Susceptibility to infections
Complications during childbirth

29
Q

___ is the storage form of Fe, ___ is the storage form of Zn

A

Ferritin; metallothionein

30
Q

metallothionein is rich in what amino acid

A

Cysteine

31
Q

What mineral participates in these reactions: collagen synthesis, melanin synthesis, cytochromes in respiratory chain, neurotransmitter synthesis

A

Copper (Cu)

32
Q

What is Cu storage in tissues?

A

Ceruloplasmin

33
Q

What genetic disorder involves Cu accumulating in tissues (excess)

A

Wilson’s disease

34
Q

Wilson’s disease Sx

A

Psychiatric sx, liver disease

35
Q

Genetic disorder that affects Cu levels in body, leading to Cu deficiency

A

Menkes disease

36
Q

Menkes disease Sx

A 
Sparse and coarse hair
Growth failure
Deterioration of the nervous system
“Kinky hair disease”
Results in death before age 3
37
Q

Iodine forms 2 hormones that are synthesized by thyroid gland

A

T4, T3

38
Q

90% of hormone released by thyroid gland is

A

T4

39
Q

T3 and T4 are involved in the following processes (7)

A

Protein synthesis
Bone growth
Neuronal maturation
Cell differentiation
Regulation of protein, carb, fat metabolism
Regulation of vitamin metabolism
Increases electron transport chain activity

40
Q

When serum T4 is low, pituitary gland secretes

A

TSH which enlarges thyroid gland

41
Q

When serum T4 is normal or high,

A

TSH secretion stops

42
Q

The pituitary gland is affected by what ?

A

Hypothalamus secretes TRH which enhances synthesis and release of TSH by the pituitary

43
Q

Iodine deficiency is the most important cause of (2)

A 
Brain damage
Mental retardation (cretinism = irreversible form of mental retardation)
44
Q

What mineral is incorporated into proteins?

A

Selenium

E.g. glutathione peroxidase, methionine R sulfoxide

45
Q

Food sources of selenium

A

Meat
Seafood
Nuts
Dependent on soil content

46
Q

Atoms or molecules with an imbalance of electrons are called

A

Free radicals

47
Q

What can attack DNA, proteins, and PUFAs?

A

Free radicals

48
Q

What protects from free radical attacks?

A

Antioxidants

49
Q

Micronutrient antioxidants

A 
Fe
Selenium
Vitamin C
Zinc
Copper and manganese
Vitamin E
Beta carotene
Carotenoids
50
Q

Why do mineral deficiencies occur? (5)

A
  1. Lack of consumption
  2. High consumption of foods that inhibit absorption (e.g. phytate, goitrogens)
  3. Poor consumption fo foods that enhance absorption (e.g. citrus fruits, lactose, vitamin D, low meat consumption)
  4. Disease, infection
  5. Stages of life (higher needs of minerals, increased mineral loss, decreased capacity to synth minerals)
51
Q

Adding nutrients lost during food processing methods is called

E.g. adding B vitamins to cereal grains because during milling some B vitamins present in the bran are lost

A

Enrichment

52
Q

Adding nutrients to foods that naturally do not contain those nutrients is called

E.g. adding vitamin A and D to milk; iodine to salt; iron to milk

A

Fortification

53
Q

What is bio-fortification?

A

Fortifying crops with minerals

Breeding plants with increasing levels of components

Breed plants with decreased levels of inhibiting components

54
Q

What mineral maintains fluid balance, nerve transmission/impulse conduction, muscle contraction?

A

Sodium

Deficiency = excessive sweating

55
Q

Food sources of magnesium?

A 
Coffee
Tea
Cocoa
Nuts
Legumes
Whole grains
56
Q

How to assess magnesium status?

A

Renal excretion before and after administration of Mg load

57
Q

Food sources of potassium

A

Unprocessed foods
Some fruits and vegetables
Legumes, nuts, seeds

58
Q

Kyperkalemia

A

High serum potassium

Can lead to cardiac arrhythmias and cardiac arrest

59
Q

Hypo kale Mia

A

Low serum potassium

Can lead to muscular weakness, cardiac arrhythmias, hyper calcium is, mental disorientation

60
Q

How to assess potassium

A

Plasma K concentrations

61
Q

Food sources of phosphorus

A

Meat, poultry, fish
Eggs
Plants

62
Q

Chloride food sources

A

Salt
Eggs
Fresh meat
Seafood

63
Q

Chromium food sources

A

Meat, fish, poultry

Whole grains

64
Q

Manganese interacts with (2)

A

Iron (inhibit each other)

Calcium (Ca decreases Mn absorption)

65
Q

Food sources molybdenum

A

Legumes
Meat, fish, poultry
Grains

MSN 6101 (10 decks)

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