Week 8 - Alternative Development Trajectories: India and China Flashcards
How much of the world population do India and China account for together?
35%
How much of the global GDP do India and China account for together?
20.5%
At the time of India’s independence and China’s liberation, what were they roughly comparable on?
comparable in developmental terms
What were the social movements in 20th century “developing world”?
nationalist movements (centred on national consolidation or independence)
developmentalist movements to catch up with rich countries
“peasant” or rural movements fighting for security or survival
What did political organisations do?
built coalitions of various social groups and classes to compete for state power (winners generally captured the leadership of the three social movements (nationalist, developmentalist, “peasant”/rural))
How did the CCP defeat KMT in China?
CCP defeated KMT through a protracted civil war under slogan of “national democratic revolution”
What was the Congress Party in India?
Congress Party was broad alliance that united causes of nationalism and development weakly addressing the peasantry and advocating a mixed economy and liberal democracy (division with Islamist Pakistan)
What were the other Asian countries experiencing?
Korea and Vietnam experienced major civil wars with substantial external support for contending sides
Southeast Asian countries saw various shades of nationalism combat communist insurgencies (Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand, Malaysia)
What was Latin America experiencing?
independent states of the 19th century experienced similar political contestation as in the North, but around strategies to “catch up with the North” (communist movements everywhere, but only won in Cuba)
What was the Middle East and North Africa experiencing?
old and new states, saw political movements for secular republics in tension with Islamists, pursuing mixed economic like in India but usually without its liberal democracy
What was Sub-Sahran Africa experiencing?
competing political currents in movements for decolonisation and development
What was the China nationalist democratic revolution (1949-1958)?
promoted a mixed economy
role for patriotic private entrepreneurs along side state enterprises
heavy industry and military industries (features of heavy industry were long gestation, import technology and equipment, huge capital requirement)
How was the China land reform and agricultural cooperatives?
peasant security on land
social revolution (eliminating landlords as a class and political actor)
modest improvement of rural incomes and equality of incomes
farm households sell surplus to the state (guarantee an income but purchasing price kept low, resources for industrialisation and rural development)
What was the China agriculture and industry relationship?
cheap grain kept wages low in non-agricultural sector
state had to control market
price scissors operates (peasants relatively low prices for produce and high prices for manufactured goods, surplus for export to finance industrial machinery and rural development, kept wages low in cities during formative period (Lewisian logic))
What happened during 1953-1954 of China’s incremental development of cooperatives?
mutual aid teams (share animals and labour)
What happened during 1954-1956 of China’s incremental development of cooperatives?
primary cooperatives at village level (pool land + allocation according to contribution)
What happened during 1956-1957 of China’s incremental development of cooperatives?
advanced cooperatives of several villages (pool land and tools + allocate according to work)
What happened during 1949-1956 of China’s incremental development of cooperatives?
impressive record (annual crop production increased 70%)
What was the China “Great Leap Forward” (1959-1961)?
acceleration of collectivisation
abolish family plots (communal farming to meet state targets (overestimation of harvests))
labour mobilisation for infrastructure projects
backyard steel furnaces
What was China darkest period (famine 1959-1961)?
regionally specific rural famine led to 30 million deaths
four hypotheses of weather, bad policies and management, poor incentives to work, defy provincial comparative advantage
What was China economic adjustment (1962-1965)?
reorganisation of the communes (under new leadership)
realism in production organisation
relaxation of ban on home plots, household life, toleration of informal markets
continuation of price scissors and extraction of surplus from agriculture
What was the China “Cultural Revolution” (1966-1976)?
Mao’s come back (campaign against “capitalist roaders”
mobilised youth and workers (and continued mobilisation of labour in infrastructure projects)
bureaucrats and managers sent to the countryside
production still within commune but disruption of agricultural production ended
What is China Era of Reform (1978-now) from 1978-1984?
adjusted agricultural prices relative to industrial ones
What is China Era of Reform (1978-now) from 1985-1992?
some prices kept under plan, others determined by market exchange