Week 11 - Development Paradigm Shifts: Have we reached the end of Neoliberalism?

Question 1

Where can we see global convergence and divergence?

Answer 1

global convergence (reduction in inequalities between countries) and divergence (rising inequalities within countries)

Question 2

Why did income inequalities between countries surge during the 19th-20th century?

Answer 2

due to European industrialisation, colonialism, and innovation

Question 3

How much did between-country inequality account for of global income inequalities by 2000?

Answer 3

between-country inequality accounted for 75% of global income inequalities by 2000

Question 4

What were the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) framed and focused on?

Answer 4

predominantly framed within a developed-developing (North-South) categorisation
goals focused on rich countries setting targets for poor countries

Question 5

What are three trends we saw of reduction in global inequality?

Answer 5

global Gini coefficient fell
extreme poverty reduced
global middle class expanded

Question 6

What is the data on global Gini coefficient falling? (reduction in global inequality)

Answer 6

fell from 69.7 (1988) to 62.5 (2013)

Question 7

What is the data on extreme poverty reduction? (reduction in global inequality)

Answer 7

Extreme poverty (<$1.90/day) reduced from 49.2% (1990) to 13.4% (2013)

Question 8

How did global middle class expand? (reduction in global inequality)

Answer 8

notable transitions from low-income to middle-income status

Question 9

For who did global GDP share rise?

Answer 9

share of global GDP for LICs and MICs rose, led by China, India, and Brazil

Question 10

What is the prediction for European-American share of global GDP?

Answer 10

European-American share of global GDP will decline from 50% (2010) to 20-30% by 2100

Question 11

What health development trends were seen globally?

Answer 11

life expectancy gaps narrowed significantly during the 20th and 21st centuries
under-5 and maternal mortality rates dropped globally
substantial disparities persist in LICs/MICs for cardiovascular care, cancer care, pain management, and palliative care

Question 12

How did the primary enrolment trend change globally?

Answer 12

North-South gaps in educational enrolment declined significantly
primary enrolment increased from 24% (1870) to 82% (2010), nearing universal coverage

Question 13

How did the global literacy trend change globally?

Answer 13

global literacy rose from 36% (1950) to 82% (1999) and 85% (2014)
illiteracy remains substantial in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, affecting one-third of the population in 2010

Question 14

How did the cognitive attainment trend change globally?

Answer 14

cognitive attainment trends do not display clear convergence

Question 15

For how much of global emissions did LICs/MICs account for and who is the largest emitter?

Answer 15

LICs/MICs account for ~60% of global emissions
China is the largest emitter

Question 16

How are the emission gaps between countries?

Answer 16

per capita emissions gaps remain significant, with HICs contributing three times more than LICs/MICs
consumption-based emissions reveal persistent inequalities

Question 17

What are environmental inequalities within-countries?

Answer 17

within-country disparities reflect a “10:50” relationship: Top 10% emit nearly 50% of emissions, while the bottom 50% emit only 10%.