Week 11 - Development Paradigm Shifts: Have we reached the end of Neoliberalism? Flashcards
Where can we see global convergence and divergence?
global convergence (reduction in inequalities between countries) and divergence (rising inequalities within countries)
Why did income inequalities between countries surge during the 19th-20th century?
due to European industrialisation, colonialism, and innovation
How much did between-country inequality account for of global income inequalities by 2000?
between-country inequality accounted for 75% of global income inequalities by 2000
What were the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) framed and focused on?
predominantly framed within a developed-developing (North-South) categorisation
goals focused on rich countries setting targets for poor countries
What are three trends we saw of reduction in global inequality?
global Gini coefficient fell
extreme poverty reduced
global middle class expanded
What is the data on global Gini coefficient falling? (reduction in global inequality)
fell from 69.7 (1988) to 62.5 (2013)
What is the data on extreme poverty reduction? (reduction in global inequality)
Extreme poverty (<$1.90/day) reduced from 49.2% (1990) to 13.4% (2013)
How did global middle class expand? (reduction in global inequality)
notable transitions from low-income to middle-income status
For who did global GDP share rise?
share of global GDP for LICs and MICs rose, led by China, India, and Brazil
What is the prediction for European-American share of global GDP?
European-American share of global GDP will decline from 50% (2010) to 20-30% by 2100
What health development trends were seen globally?
life expectancy gaps narrowed significantly during the 20th and 21st centuries
under-5 and maternal mortality rates dropped globally
substantial disparities persist in LICs/MICs for cardiovascular care, cancer care, pain management, and palliative care
How did the primary enrolment trend change globally?
North-South gaps in educational enrolment declined significantly
primary enrolment increased from 24% (1870) to 82% (2010), nearing universal coverage
How did the global literacy trend change globally?
global literacy rose from 36% (1950) to 82% (1999) and 85% (2014)
illiteracy remains substantial in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, affecting one-third of the population in 2010
How did the cognitive attainment trend change globally?
cognitive attainment trends do not display clear convergence
For how much of global emissions did LICs/MICs account for and who is the largest emitter?
LICs/MICs account for ~60% of global emissions
China is the largest emitter
How are the emission gaps between countries?
per capita emissions gaps remain significant, with HICs contributing three times more than LICs/MICs
consumption-based emissions reveal persistent inequalities
What are environmental inequalities within-countries?
within-country disparities reflect a “10:50” relationship: Top 10% emit nearly 50% of emissions, while the bottom 50% emit only 10%.
What was the focus of development discourse in the 19th and 20th centuries?
emphasising developing countries emulating developed ones, often through binary categorisations like “First World” vs. “Third World”
What challenges the North-South binary today?
“Converging divergence”, decreasing between-country inequalities but increasing within-country inequalities
How has within-country inequality changed?
Inequality has risen sharply, with wealth increasingly concentrated in the top 1%
What is the central argument of the paper “From International to Global Development”?
It argues for shifting from “international development,” framed as a North-South binary, to “global development” that addresses interconnected global challenges
How have health disparities manifested?
Life expectancy gaps have widened between higher and lower income groups globally
What trends are evident in educational inequalities?
Within-country differences accounted for 77% of educational inequality by 2010, up from 58% in 1950
What is the “precariat”?
A global class characterized by precarious jobs, uncertain career paths, and limited rights, affecting both the South and North