Week 8+9 Pancreas, Liver, Gallbladder Flashcards
deficient production of these enzymes by the pancreas.
pancreatice insufficiency
enzymes of pancrease
lipase
amylase
trypsin
chymotrypsin
Causes of pancreatic insufficiency
chronic pancreatitis, pancreatic carcinoma, pancreatic resection, and cystic fibrosis
chief problem with pancreatic insuffiency
fat maldigestion
risk factors for pancreatitis
alcoholism
obstructive biliary tract disease (particularly cholelithiasis)
peptic ulcers
abdominal trauma, hyperlipidemia
certain drugs
genetic factors (hereditary pancreatitis, cystic fibrosis)
develops because of obstruction to the outflow of pancreatic digestive enzymes caused by bile duct or pancreatic duct obstruction (e.g., gallstones).
pancreatitis
what happens with pancreatitis due to obstruction
-backup of pancreatic secretions causes activation and release of enzymes
-autodigestion (e.g., proteolysis, lipolysis) of pancreatic cells and tissues,resulting in inflammation
Clinical Manifestations of Acute Pancreatitis
-abdominal pain
-Fever and leukocytosis
-nausea vomiting
-ascites
_____and multiple organ failure account for most deaths with severe pancreatitis.
systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS).
Cullen’s sign
In severe acute pancreatitis, some individuals develop flank or periumbilical ecchymosis, a sign of poor prognosis
lab marker for acute pancreatitis
- Elevated serum lipase level
- Serum amylase level is elevated
most common cause of chronic pancreatitis
chronic alcohol abuse
Chronic pancreatitis is a risk factor for
pancreatic cancer.
irreversible inflammatory, fibrotic liver disease
Cirrhosis
most common cause of cirrhosis
Alcohol abuse
viral hepatitis
does cirrhosis develop fast or slow
slowly over a period of time
side effects of cirrhosis
jaundice
portal hypertension.
Hep A mode of transmission
bowels
Hep A disease spreads readily in
crowded, unsanitary conditions, usually through contaminated food or water.
Hep A prevention
hand washing
wearing gloves
incubation for Hep A
4-6 weeks
HBV is transmitted through
blood-blood contact and the sexual route
HEP B incubation period
6-8 weeks
Hep B has increased risk for
cirrhosis
hepatocellular carcinoma.
Hep C
-often drug injectable transmission
-high rates of HIV as well
-80% get chronic liver disease
Hep C diagnostic criteria
acute symptoms
elevated aminotransferase levels
Acute viral hepatitis labs
abnormal liver function test
elevated:
-serum aminotransferase
-aspartate transaminase (AST)
-alanine transaminase (ALT)
4 phases of hepatitis
incubation, prodromal, icteric, and recovery phases
Begins about 2 weeks after exposure and ends with the appearance of jaundice. Fatigue, anorexia, malaise, nausea, vomiting, headache, hyperalgia, cough, and low-grade fever are prodromal symptoms that precede the onset of jaundice.
prodromal phase
Hepatitis is most transmissible during what pahse
promodal phase`
Begins about 1 to 2 weeks after the prodromal phase and lasts 2 to 6 weeks.
Icteric Phase
Dark urine, clay colored stools before the onset of jaundice → conjugated hyperbilirubinemia
Liver is enlarged, smooth, and tender, and percussion over the liver causes pain. Fatigue and abdominal pain may persist or become more severe.
Begins with resolution of jaundice, about 6 to 8 weeks after exposure
-liver may still be enlarged but sxs reduce
recovery phase
which hepatitis can be transmitted from mothers to infants
HBV and HCV
Cholelithiasis -
Gallstones
what are gallstones made of
cholesterol
signs of gallstones
Epigastric and right hypochondrium pain and intolerance to fatty foods
-pain caused by the lodging of 1+ gallstones in the cystic or common duct
treatment for gallstones
Laparoscopic cholecystectomy
caused by the lodging of a gallstone in the cystic duct. Obstruction causes the gallbladder to become distended and inflamed.
Cholecystitis
why is blood flow decreased with Cholecystitis
pressure aganist the GB from inflmmation
sxs of Cholecytitis
**-Fever, leukocytosis, **
-rebound tenderness, and abdominal muscle guarding
-bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase levels may be elevated.
systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) is associated with what condition
pancreatitis
