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Y-Patho 3 > Endocrine System- Week 1 Slides > Flashcards

Endocrine System- Week 1 Slides Flashcards

1
Q

where do hormones travel

A

bloodstream

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2
Q

Roles of endocrine system

A
  1. Differentiation of the reproductive and central nervous systems
  2. childhood growth
  3. male and female reproductive systems
  4. Maintenance of an optimal internal environment
  5. Initiation of corrective and adaptive responses when emergency demands occur
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3
Q

Three basic hormone secretion patterns

A
  1. circadian/diurnal patterns (cortisol)
  2. pulsatile/cyclic patterns (female hormones)
  3. patterns that depend on levels of circulating substrates
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4
Q

occurs because the changing chemical, neural, or endocrine response to a stimulus negates the initiating change that triggered the release of the hormone.

A

negative feedback

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5
Q

which hormones are water soluble and circulate in free (unbound) forms

A

Peptide or protein hormones (pituitary, hypothalamic, and parathyroid hormones; and insulin)

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6
Q

which hormones are transported bound to a carrier or transport protein and can remain in the blood for hours to days

A

Lipid-soluble hormones, such as cortisol and adrenal androgens

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7
Q

The sensitivity of the target cell to a particular hormone is related to what?

A

the total number of receptors per cell:

-the more receptors, the more sensitive the cell.

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8
Q

up-regulation

A

Low concentrations of hormone increase the number of receptors per cell

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9
Q

down-regulation

A

High concentrations of hormone decrease the number of receptors

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10
Q

which types of hormones can bind to an intracellular receptor

A

fat soluble hormones (can pass the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane)
-vitamin D, retinoic acid, and thyroid hormones

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11
Q

water soluble hormones have short or long lasting effects

A

short

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12
Q

Lipid-soluble steroids

A
  1. vitamin D
  2. retinoic acid
  3. thyroid hormones
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13
Q

do water or lipid soluble hormones have long-acting AND rapid-acting responses

A

Lipid-soluble steroids

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14
Q

The hypothalamus is connected to the anterior pituitary by way of ________

A

blood vessels.

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15
Q

The hypothalamus is connected to the posterior pituitary by way of _________-

A

a nerve tract

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16
Q

______ and _______ are synthesized in hypothalamic neurons but are stored and secreted by the posterior pituitary.

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin

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17
Q

other name for posterior pituitary gland

A

neurohypophysis

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18
Q

hormones of posterior pituitary

A
  1. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
  2. oxytocin
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19
Q

leads to an increase in water reabsorption into the blood and the production of more concentrated urine

A

ADH

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20
Q

contraction of the uterus and milk ejection in lactating women and may affect sperm motility in men

A

oxytocibn

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21
Q

Characterized by high levels of ADH in the absence of normal physiologic stimuli for its release

A

Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH)

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22
Q

what causes SIADH

A
  1. ectopic tumor secreting ADH
  2. pulmonary disorders
  3. neurological disorders
  4. surgeries
  5. medications.
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23
Q

with SIADH enhanced water retention leads to what?

A

-dilutional hyponatremia (low serum sodium concentration)
-hypoosmolarity (solutes diluted with water)
-urine concentrated

24
Q

SIADH symptoms

A

-caused by the drop in soultes
-Severe gastrointestinal symptoms, including vomiting and abdominal cramps
-confusion, lethargy, muscle twitching, and seizures may occur
-neuro damage

25
Q

Diagnosis of SIADH requires documentation of the following manifestations

A
  1. low serum hypoosmolality and hyponatremia
  2. urine osmolarity > serum osmolarity (urine is concentrated)
26
Q

SIADH treatment

A

IV hypertonic saline
-resolves in 2-3 days
-if infusion given too rapidly, a severe neurologic syndrome called central pontine myelinolysis can occur

27
Q

An insufficiency of ADH, leading to polyuria (frequent urination) and polydipsia (frequent drinking).

A

Diabetes Insipidus (DI)

28
Q

2 types of Diabetes Insipidus (DI)

A
  1. Neurogenic/ central (not enough ADH)
  2. Nephrogenic (insensitivity of the renal collecting tubules to ADH)
29
Q

cause of neurogenic diabetes insipidus

A

-brain tumor
-TBI
-pregancyn

30
Q

what type of DI usually has an abrupt onset, and many individuals can specifically recall the date of onset of their symptoms

A

Idiopathic neurogenic DI

31
Q

hypernatremia and hyperosmolality are associated with

A

Diabetes Insipidus (DI)

32
Q

Signs and symptoms of DI include

A

polyuria, nocturia, continuous thirst, and polydipsia.

33
Q

To differentiate between nephrogenic and neurogenic DI, they give what drug

A

desmopressin (synthetic ADH)
-neurogenic respons well
-nephrogenic doesn’t respond to the ADH

34
Q

the secretory cells of the adenohypophysis/anerior pituitary

A

chromophils

35
Q

hormones of anterior pituitary

A
  1. ACTH
  2. Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
  3. Luteinizing hormone (LH)
  4. Growth hormone (GH)
  5. Prolactin
  6. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
  7. TSH
36
Q

causes of Hypopituitarism

A

-tumor
-pregnancy
-TBI
-pituitary infarction resulting from severe shock
-sickle cell disease

37
Q

panhypopituitarism

A

all hormones are deficient of pituitary gland

38
Q

does ACTH Deficiency occur on its own usually

A

no

39
Q

Symptoms of cortisol insufficiency

A

nausea, vomiting, anorexia, fatigue, and weakness
-hypoglycemia

40
Q

in women of reproductive age is associated with amenorrhea and with atrophic changes in the vagina, uterus, and breasts. In post-pubertal males, atrophy of the testes and decreased beard growth occur.

A

FSH and LH deficiency

41
Q

causes of GH growth hormone deficiency in children

A
  1. gentic
  2. tumor
42
Q

symptoms of GH xu in adults

A

increased body fat, decreased muscle bulk and strength, reduced sweating, dry skin, and psychologic problems, including depression, social withdrawal, fatigue, loss of motivation, and a diminished feeling of well-being

43
Q

Pituitary adenomas are usually benign slow-growing tumors that arise from cells of the anterior pituitary, most commonly those that secrete _____ and _____

A

GH and prolactin

44
Q

adenomatous tissue secretes the hormone of ______________, without the check of negative feedback

A

the cell type from which it arose

45
Q

mptoms of pituitary tumor

A

nonspecific complaints as headache and fatigue. Visual changes produced by pressure on the optic chiasm include visual field impairments

46
Q

high levels of growth hormone in adults and concomitant elevation of IGF-1

A

Acromegaly

47
Q

high levels go GH in children leading to growth of long bones

A

Gigantism

48
Q

at what age does acromegaly occur

A

40 and 50 mostly women
-Results in cardiac hypertrophy, hypertension, atherosclerosis, and type 2 diabetes mellitus that lead to coronary artery disease.

49
Q

since all epiphyseal plates have closed in adults what happens with excessive GH in adults

A

connective tissue proliferation and bony proliferation that results in the characteristic appearance of acromegaly.

50
Q

does acromegaly lead to high or low blood sugar

A

high

51
Q

glucose testing for acromegaly

A

During OGTT, GH should be suppressed by rise in glucose and insulin levels as GH and insulin are antagonistic of one another. If GH stays elevated → acromegaly**

52
Q

Pituitary tumors that secrete prolactin are called

A

prolactinomas

53
Q

main treatment for prolactanomas

A

opaminergic agonists (bromocriptine, cabergoline, and pergolide)
-then surgery to remove adenoma if needed

54
Q

microprolactinomas (<1 cm in size) or macroprolactinomas(>1cm in size).

A

microprolactinomas (<1 cm in size) or macroprolactinomas(>1cm in size).

55
Q

Prolactin levels more than _____ ng/ml are usually associated with a prolactinoma and are an indication for MRI scanning of the pituitary.

A

200

Y-Patho 3 (10 decks)

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