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Y-Patho 3 > Week 5- Digestive > Flashcards

Week 5- Digestive Flashcards

1
Q

activities of the digestive system are controlled by ______ and __________-

A

hormones
autonomic nervous system.

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2
Q

Layers of digestion system

A

(inside out)
mucosa
submucosa
muscularis
serosa

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3
Q

Neurons forming the ________ nervous system are located solely within the GI tract and are controlled by local and autonomic nervous system stimuli

A

enteric

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4
Q

who makes Secretory IgA

A

goblet cells, Paneth cells, and plasma cells.

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5
Q

The________ plexus mainly regulates motility through relaxation and contraction of the intestinal wall

A

myenteric

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6
Q

The__________ plexus senses the lumen environment and regulates gastrointestinal blood flow as well as controlling the epithelial cell functions and secretion.

A

submucosal

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7
Q

____________-is stimulated when afferent fibers distributed along the length of the esophagus sense changes in wall tension caused by stretching as food passes

A

Peristalsis

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8
Q

prevents entry of air into the esophagus during respiration

A

The upper esophageal sphincter (UES)

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9
Q

prevents regurgitation from the stomach

A

lower esophageal sphincter (LES)

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10
Q

voluntary phase of swallowing

A

oralpharyngeal

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11
Q

involuntary phase of swallowing

A

esophageal

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12
Q

difficulty swallowing that results from mechanical obstruction of the esophagus or a functional disorder that impairs esophageal motility

A

dysphasia

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13
Q

dysphagia can be from intrinsic and extrinsic cause, what’s the difference

A

intrinsic= tumor or mass is part of the esohpagus
extrinsic= mass is not a part of the esophagus

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14
Q

caused by neural or muscular disorders that interfere with voluntary swallowing or peristalsis

A

functional dysphagia

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15
Q

Discomfort occurring 2 to 4 seconds after swallowing is associated with

A

upper esophageal obstruction.

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16
Q

Discomfort occurring 10 to 15 seconds after swallowing is more common in obstructions of the

A

lower esophagus.

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17
Q

Dysphagia DX Tests

A
  1. Barium swallow
  2. Esophageal endoscopy
  3. CT scan
18
Q

reflux of acid and pepsin from the stomach to the esophagus that causes esophagitis

A

GERD ( Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)

19
Q

Risk factors for GERD include

A
  • obesity
    -hiatal hernia
    -drugs or chemicals that relax the LES
20
Q

The resting tone of the________ tends to be lower than normal from either transient relaxation or weakness of the sphincter in those who develop GERD.

A

LES (lower esophageal sphincter)

21
Q

Precancerous lesions associated with GERD

A

Barrett esophagus

22
Q

Clinical Manifestations of GERD

A

-heartburn from acid regurgitation
-chronic cough, asthma attacks and laryngitis
-Upper abdominal pain usually occurs within 1 hour of eating
-worse with laying down

23
Q

GERD treatment

A

-PPI
-histamine-2 (H2) receptor antagonists, -prokinetics antacids.
-Elevation of the head of the bed 6 inches prevents reflux
-Weight reduction
-stop smoking

24
Q

-rare, idiopathic inflammatory disease of the esophagus
-characterized by esophageal infiltration of eosinophils associated with atopic disease, including asthma and food allergies

A

Eosinophilic Esophagitis

25
Q
A
26
Q

necessary for the intestinal absorption of vitamin B12

A

intrinsic factor

27
Q

facilitates small intestinal absorption of iron.

A

gastroferrin

28
Q

secrete hydrochloric acid, intrinsic factor, and gastroferrin.

A

parietal cells

29
Q

secret pepsinogen

A

chief cells

30
Q

synthesizes and releases the hormone gastrin from G cells

A

pyloric gland mucosa

31
Q

secrete histamine

A

Enterochromaffin-like cells

32
Q

secrete somatostatin (an inhibitory hormone for the release other hormones throughout body)

A

D cells

33
Q

major functions of gastric hydrochloric acid

A

dissolve food fibers, act as a bactericide against swallowed organisms, and convert pepsinogen to pepsin.

34
Q

Acid secretion by parietal cells is stimulated by

A
  1. acetylcholine (ACh)
  2. gastrin
  3. histamine
35
Q

strongest stimulation for pepsin secretion

A

acetylcholine (ACh)

36
Q

proteolytic enzyme that breaks down protein forming polypeptides in the stomach

A

pepsin

37
Q

what degrades stomach mucus

A

-aspirin or other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
-Helicobacter pylori
-ethanol
-regurgitated bile
- ischemia

Breaks cause inflammation and ulceration.

38
Q

where is B12 absorbed

A

ileum

39
Q

a gram-negative spiral bacterium with a flagella and is a major cause of acute and chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer disease in the duodenum and stomach, gastric adenocarcinoma, and gastric mucosa–associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)

A

H pylori

40
Q

H PYLROI transmission

A

transmitted through the fecal-oral route and is usually acquired in childhood

Y-Patho 3 (10 decks)

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