Week 3- Endocrine Disorders

Question 1

islets of Langerhans have four types of hormone-secreting cells:

Answer 1

1. alpha cells (secrete glucago)
2. beta cells (secrete insulin and amylin)
3. delta cells (secrete gastrin and somatostatin)
4. F (or PP) cells (secrete pancreatic polypeptide that stimulates gastric secretion and antagonizes cholecystokinin)

Question 2

beta cells of the pancreas synthesize

Answer 2

insulin from the precursor proinsulin

Question 3

does insulin circulate freely

Answer 3

yes, it is unbound

Question 4

_______facilitates the rate of glucose uptake into many cells within the body

Answer 4

Insulin

Question 5

insulin binding cascade

Answer 5

-insulin binds with an enzyme-linked plasma membrane receptor that contains tyrosine kinase on the cytosolic surface
-Insulin binding sends signals to activate glucose transporters (GLUT) for entry of glucose into the cell

Question 6

glucagon is produced by

Answer 6

alpha cells of pancrease

Question 7

______ glucose levels cause glucagon release to be inhibited;______ glucose levels and sympathetic stimulation promote glucagon release

Answer 7

High

Question 8

insulin lowers blood sugar
glucagon raises blood sugar

Answer 8

insulin lowers blood sugar
glucagon raises blood sugar`

Question 9

stimulates lipolysis, which has a ketogenic effect caused by the metabolism of free fatty acids in the liver

Answer 9

glucagon

Question 10

result of a loss of beta cells in the pancreatic islets.

Answer 10

type 1 diabetes

Question 11

autoimmune type 1 diabets

Answer 11

-environmental and genetic factors trigger cell-mediated destruction of pancreatic beta cells
- Autoimmune type 1 diabetes is called type 1A.

Question 12

non immune type 1 diabets

Answer 12

-less common
-secondary to other diseases (pancreatitis)
t-ype 1B diabetes
-occurs mostly in people of Asian or African descent

Question 13

type 1 diabetse onset

Answer 13

long preclinical period with gradual destruction of beta cells

Question 14

With insulin deficiency, lipolysis is enhanced and there is an increase in the amount of nonesterified fatty acids delivered to the liver. The consequence is increased gluconeogenesis contributing to hyperglycemia

Answer 14

With insulin deficiency, lipolysis is enhanced and there is an increase in the amount of nonesterified fatty acids delivered to the liver. The consequence is increased gluconeogenesis contributing to hyperglycemia

Question 15

-potentially life-threatening sequelae of Type I DM
-caused by increased levels of circulating ketones in the absence of the antilipolytic effect of insulin

Answer 15

diabetic ketoacidosis

Question 16

diabetic ketoacidosis sxs

Answer 16

unintentional weight loss, vomiting, weakness, and cognition changes. Dehydration and metabolic abnormalities worsen with progressive uncontrolled osmolar stress, which can lead to lethargy, May even cause respiratory failure, coma, and death.
Abdominal pain is also a common complaint in DKA
-breath with sweet fruity odor

Question 17

are diagnosis for type 1 and type 2 diabetes the same?

Answer 17

yes
-HbA1c, 2 hour OGTT, fasting insulin

Question 18

type 1 DM treatment

Answer 18

-Avoidance of cow’s milk
-gluten-free diet
-omega-3 fatty acids and vitamin D
-injecting insulin and momnintor blood sugar

Question 19

insulin resistance and decreased insulin secretion by beta cells

Answer 19

type 2 diabetes

Question 20

insulin resistance and decreased insulin secretion by beta cells

Answer 20

type 2 diabetes

Question 21

constellation of disorders (central obesity, dyslipidemia, prehypertension, and an elevated fasting blood glucose level) that together confer a high risk of developing type 2 diabetes and associated cardiovascular complications.

Answer 21

mystabollic syndrome

Question 22

a suboptimal response of insulin-sensitive tissues (especially liver, muscle, and adipose tissue) to insulin.

Answer 22

insulin resistance

Question 23

hormones produced in adipose tissue

Answer 23

Adipokines

Question 24

Adipokines in obese individuals

Answer 24

-increased serum levels of leptin (leptin resistance) and resistin
-decreased levels of adiponectin

Question 25

Obesity is correlated with hyperinsulinemia and__________ insulin receptor density

Answer 25

decreased

Question 26

_________ decreases insulin synthesis in the beta cell

Answer 26

leptin

Question 27

In type II DM, pancreatic alpha cells are less responsive to glucose inhibition, resulting in increased_________- secretion

Answer 27

glucagon

Question 28

type 2 diabetes sxs

Answer 28

-polyuria and polydipsia may present
-nonspecific symptoms: fatigue, pruritus, recurrent infections, visual changes, or symptoms of neuropathy (paresthesias or weakness).

Question 29

normal non-enzymatic process that involves the reversible attachment of glucose to proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids without the action of enzymes

Answer 29

Glycation

Question 30

With persistent hyperglycemia, glucose becomes ______________ bound to collagen and other proteins in red blood cells

Answer 30

irreversibly bound

Question 31

in type 2 diabetes Chronic hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, and dyslipidemia contribute to the production of

Answer 31

reactive oxygen species (ROS)

Question 32

leading
cause of blindness, end-stage renal failure, and various neuropathies in DM type 2

Answer 32

Diabetic microvascular complications (disease in capillaries)

Question 33

____________- is a leading cause of blindness

Answer 33

Diabetic retinopathy

Question 34

nephropathy and diabetes mellitus

Answer 34

-early phases of nephropathy are asymptomatic
-develop after 10 years with type 1 diabetes -after 5-8 years with type 2

Question 35

diabetic nephropathy details

Answer 35

-glomeruli are injured by protein denaturation
-hyperglycemia with high renal blood flow (hyperfiltration)
-intraglomerular hypertension exacerbated by systemic hypertension.

Question 36

first sign of KD dysfunction with DM2

Answer 36

Microalbuminuria