Week 8

Question 1

diabetes mellitus

Answer 1

deficit un insulin secretion from beta cells or lack of response by cells to insulin.
insulin deficit= decreased excretion and insulin resistance

Question 2

what happens with insulin deficit

Answer 2

the transport of glucose and amino acids into cell are impaired thus synthesis of protein and glycogen is impaired as well as affecting lipid metabolism

Question 3

diabetes type 1

Answer 3

pancreatic beta cells are destroyed in an autoimmune reaction. insulin replacement required. (not linked to obesity)

Question 4

diabetes type 2

Answer 4

caused by decreased production of insulin by beta cells and/or increased resistance by body cells to insulin (mature onset, associated with obesity)

Question 5

hypoglycemia (hypoglycemic shock)

Answer 5

low blood sugar, often sudden following strenuous exercise, vomiting, or skipping a meal after insulin (DM 1)

Question 6

diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)

Answer 6

result of insufficient insulin in blood and high glucose levels in blood. may be initiated by stress or infection (DM 1)

Question 7

early signs of DKA

Answer 7

• hunger (polyphagia)
• Glucosuria (glucose in urine)
• Polyuria (excess urination)
• Thirst ( polydipsia)
• Weakness and weight loss ( because of loss of fluids and lack of glucose to cells)

Question 8

progressive effects of DKA

Answer 8

• dehydration
• increasing hyperglycemia
• ketoacidosis
• coma

Question 9

Hyperosmolar HyperglycemicNonketotic Coma (HHNK)

Answer 9

results from severe deyhdration and electrolyte imbalances (DM 2)

Question 10

what is microangiopathy

Answer 10

Capillary basement membranes become thick and hard leading to occlusion or rupture resulting in tissue necrosis and loss of function in kidneys

Question 11

what is neuropathy

Answer 11

the damage or dysfunction of one or more nerves.

Question 12

S&S of neuropathy

Answer 12

impaired sensation, numbness, tingling, weakness

Question 13

macroangiopathy

Answer 13

A disease of the large blood vessels in which fat and blood clots build up and stick to the vessel walls, blocking the flow of blood

Question 14

pituitary gland disorders

Answer 14

caused mainly by benign adenoma

Question 15

cushing syndrome

Answer 15

caused by an excess level of glucocorticoids

Question 16

symptoms of cushing syndrome

Answer 16

change in persons appearance, osteoporosis, metabolism changes, retension of sodium and water leading to hypertension, edema, hypokalemia

Question 17

addisons disease

Answer 17

• Deficiency of adrenocorticoid secretions
• Autoimmune reaction is a common cause.
• Adrenal gland may be destroyed by hemorrhage or infection.

Question 18

symtoms of addisons disease

Answer 18

• Decreased blood glucose levels
• Inadequate stress response
• Fatigue
• Weight loss, frequent infections
• Low serum sodium concentration
• Decreased blood volume
• Hypotension
• High potassium levels

Question 19

oral anti diabetic drugs

Answer 19

Used for type 2 diabetes primarily but occasionally these drugs are used in advanced type 1 diabetes and rarely other indications
METFORMIN

Question 20

glucose-elevating drugs

Answer 20

dextrose (glucose)

Question 21

hypothyroidism symptoms

Answer 21

Cold intolerance
Weight gain
Depression
Dry, brittle hair and nails
Fatigue, hypersomnia
Bradycardia
Weakness
Confusion/cognitive slowing
Fluid retention
others

Question 22

hyperthyroidism

Answer 22

Diarrhea		
Flushing, sweating, heat intolerance		
Increased appetite
Muscle weakness
Sleep disorders
Palpitations/A. Fib
Nervousness, irritability
Insomnia
Altered menstruation
Weight loss
others

Question 23

thyroid replacement drugs

Answer 23

replace what the thyroid gland cannot produce to achieve normal T3/T4 levels (euthyroid), they are hormones that directly turn on genes and have pleiotropic effects on almost every body system