Week 7 Flashcards
what are examples of Chronic Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis are chronic inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs).
what is crohn disease
usually affects areas of the small intestine, causes ulcers that narrow the lumen and cause obstruction. it can also cause adhensions between loops causing fistulas (connections)
why is crohn disease dangerous
the damaged walls impair the processing and absorption of food, as well as decreasing the time available for digestion and absorption leading to malnutrition.
S&S of crohn disease
- loose stools
- diarrhea with cramping
- pain and tenderness in R lower quadrant
- anorexia/weight loss/fatigue due to malnutrition
what is ulcerative colitis
inflammation of the rectum that progresses through the colon (SI rarely involved)
the mucosa and submucosa are inflamed and ulcers develop.
S&S of ulcerative colitis
- watery diarrhea with up to 12 stools per day which contain blood and mucus
- rectal bleeding
- fever and weight loss
- tenesmus (spasms of the rectum)
what is irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
- affects bowel movements
- affects the large intestine
what is appendicitis
begins with the obstruction of the appendiceal lumen which causes fluid build up leading to the appendiceal wall becoming inflamed. this leads to decreased oxygen leading to ischemia and necrosis. eventually the appendix will rupture or perforate
S&S of appendicitis
- pain around umbilical
- nausea and vomitting
- pain and tenderness in LRQ
- severe pain after rupture
what is peritonitis
inflammation of peritoneal membranes, can have many causes
S&S of peritonitis
- sudden, severe abdominal pain
- abdominal distension
- dehydration and low BP
common denominator in gallbladder disorders
gallstones
where do gallstones form
bile ducts, gallbladder, cystic duct
what do gallstones consist of
cholesterol or bile pigment, mixed content with calcium salts
different between small and large stones
small- can be excreted in bile
large- can obstruct the flow of bile and cause severe pain
Hepatitis A
fecal-oral route of transmission through contaminated water or shellfish.
Hepatitis B
Transmitted by infected blood, intravenous drug users, sexual, vertical from mother to fetus, tattooing and body piercing
Hepatitis C
Most commonly transmitted by Bld. Transfusion and sharing needles.
Hepatitis D
- requires presence of Hepatitis B.
- Transmitted by blood
Hepatitis E
- Fecal oral
- Similar of hepatitis A no chronic or carrier
stages of alcoholic liver disease
initial stage- asymptomatic and reversible, enlargement of the liver
second stage- inflammation and cell death, irreversible change
Third stage- fibrotic tissue replaces normal tissue, little normal function left
portal hypertension
caused by blood coming in from intestine meeting resistance because of fibrosis in hepatocytes. EMERGENCY
esophageal varice
back up of blood in shared circulation. may result in rupture
splenomegaly
occurs when portal hypertension blood backs up in the circulation of the spleen
ascites
big tummy leaky fluid
acute pancreatitis
inflammation of the pancreas
antacids
neutralizes acid
H2 receptor antagonists
reduce acid secretion though histamine 2 blockad. -tidine
Proton Pump Inhibitors PPIs
irreversibly binds to H+/K+ ATPase enzyme. -prazole
cytoprotectives
binds to ulcers-erosions acting as a barrier to allow healing
immunosupressants
suppresses the immune system
aminosalicylates
reduces inflammation in intestinal mucosa
steroids
can reduce remission in IBD
