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BIOL 231 > Week 7_Cell-cell communication > Flashcards

Week 7_Cell-cell communication Flashcards

1
Q

cells that are talking put out…

A

ligands

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2
Q

what are ligands?

A

signaling molecules that talking cells put out

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3
Q

cells that are listening have…

A

a receptor that the ligand attaches to

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4
Q

what does the ligand/receptor complex do?

A

transmits the signal into the target cell –> the target cell responds

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5
Q

___ leads to a cellular response

A

signal transduction

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6
Q

ligand/receptor complex ___ (transmits) the signal into the cell

A

transduces

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7
Q

what are some examples of types of cellular responses?

A

altered metabolism

altered gene expression

altered cell shape or motility

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8
Q

the responding cell is called the ___

A

target cell

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9
Q

does every cell respond to every signal?

A

no;

only the target cell with the proper receptor will respond to a particular ligand

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10
Q

there are ___ categories of cell signaling?

A

5

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11
Q

the 5 categories of cell signaling are based on:

A

the distance b/n the cells that are communicating

the type of cells that are communicating

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12
Q

what are the 5 categories of cell signaling?

A

autocrine signaling

direct cell-to-cell contact

paracrine signaling

endocrine signaling

synaptic signaling

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13
Q

what is autocrine signaling?

A

cell signaling to itself

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14
Q

what are examples of autocrine signaling?

A

immune cells – stimulate and amplify their own response to infections

cancer cells – stimulate their own growth and mobility

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15
Q

elaborate direct cell-to-cell contact

A

surface ligand on one cell touches surface receptor on the next cell

direct transmission of ligands thru gap junctions b/n cells

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16
Q

what are examples of cell-cell interactions?

A

cell-cell interactions play a critical role during:

embryonic development

wound healing

17
Q

what is paracrine signaling?

A

cells signaling to nearby cells

18
Q

what are examples of paracrine signaling?

A

ligands released at injury sites to stimulate an immune response and wound healing

embryonic development – development of the spinal cord

19
Q

what is endocrine signaling?

A

systemic (organism wide) signaling via the circulatory system

20
Q

what is an example of endocrine signaling?

A

hormones – released into bloodstream

stimulate development and maintenance of the reproductive system

21
Q

what is synaptic signaling?

A

signal by a nerve cell thru a synapse to another cell or a responding cell

22
Q

what is an example of synaptic signaling?

A

neurotransmitters – signaling molecules sent from a nerve cell to another nerve cell or a responding cell (a muscle cell)

23
Q

what are the 2 types of signaling molecules (ligands)?

A

non-circulating ligands

circulating ligands

24
Q

what are circulating ligands?

A

circulate thru the blood or other bodily fluids

25
Q

what are the 2 types of circulating ligands?

A

non polar (hydrophobic)

polar (hydrophilic ligands)

26
Q

what are examples of hydrophobic ligands?

A

hormones
- can diffuse across the plasma membrane
- hydrophobic ligands bind to intracellular receptors
- intracellular receptors transmit the signal
- cell responds

27
Q

can hydrophilic ligands diffuse across the plasma membrane?

A

no; they are polar

28
Q

hydrophilic ligands must bind to ___, which have ___

A

membrane-bound receptors

3 protein domains

29
Q

what are the 3 protein domains on membrane bound receptors?

A

(1) an extracellular ligand binding domain (binds to ligand)

(2) transmembrane domain (goes thru the plasma membrane)

(3) intracellular signaling domain (transduces the signal)

30
Q

many drugs ___ receptors

A

target (bind to)

31
Q

drugs can be ___ or ___

A

agonists or antagonists

32
Q

what are agonists?

A

mimic actions of ligand (activates receptor)

33
Q

what are antagonists?

A

bind to but do not activate a receptor

they block ligands from binding to the receptor

34
Q

what are examples of agonists?

A

drugs that activate the opioid receptor

35
Q

what is naloxone/narcan?

A

opioid receptor antagonist

outcompetes agonists for binding to the opioid receptor

blocks the effects of drugs such as heroine and other opioid agonists

36
Q

other medical uses for receptor antagonists include…

A

antihistamines

beta blockers

in cancer therapy

37
Q

what do antihistamines do?

A

block the activity of histamine receptors to lessen the immune response

38
Q

what do beta blockers do?

A

block some receptor sites for adrenaline to control blood pressure

39
Q

explain receptor antagonists in cancer therapy?

A

many cancer therapy drugs that block receptors important to cancer cell growth and metastasis

BIOL 231 (23 decks)

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