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BIOL 231 > Week 6_Alternative splicing and translation > Flashcards

Week 6_Alternative splicing and translation Flashcards

1
Q

what is alternative splicing?

A

when some exons are also spliced out

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2
Q

alternative splicing allows:

A

multiple versions of a gene’s mRNA to be produced

multiple versions of the protein to be produced

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3
Q

what is an example of alternative splicing?

A

dystrophin gene (79 exons), 19 different splice variants

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4
Q

alternative splicing allows ~___ protein coding genes to produce ~___ different proteins

A

20,000 protein coding genes to produce 100,000 different proteins

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5
Q

alternative splicing is regulated (in part) by…

each influences how…

A

splice site activator proteins

splice site repressor proteins

each influences how mRNAs will be spliced

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6
Q

proper regulation of ___ is important to biological functions

A

alternative spliicng

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7
Q

altered regulation of alternative splicing may be a factor in ___ and in ___

A

autism

cancer cell biology

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8
Q

what is translation?

A

when information in an mRNA is translated into a protein

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9
Q

what are the necessary components of protein synthesis/translation?

A

a mature mRNA that contains a genetic code

transfer RNAs (tRNAs)

ribosomes

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10
Q

the genetic code is a series of ___

A

codons

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11
Q

what is a codon?

A

a sequence of 3 nucleotide bases

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12
Q

what are the functions of a codon?

A

specify a particular amino acid

signal where translation should ‘start’ or ‘stop’ on the mRNA

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13
Q

who deciphered the code?

A

Marshall Nirenberg

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14
Q

what experiments did Marshall Nirenberg do to decipher the code?

A

(1) generated and translated mRNAs

(2) examined the amino acid content of the proteins

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15
Q

how do you identify code?

A

(1) make synthetic mRNAs containing 1 repeated base
- translate the mRNAs using cytoplasmic extract
- determine the amino acid content of the resulting proteins

(2) make mRNAs with different combinations of RNA nucleotides
- test all possible codon sequences

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16
Q

what is the universal nature of genetic code?

A

the code is the same in virtually all organisms (rare exceptions exist)

17
Q

the genetic code is ___

A

redundant

18
Q

how is the genetic code redundant?

A

61 codons encode 20 amino acids

more than 1 codon for some amino acids

19
Q

code has ___ translation START codon, which is…

A

1

AUG, Met

20
Q

there are ___ translation STOP codons

A

3

21
Q

what are ribosomes?

A

enzymes that translate information in mRNAs into proteins

22
Q

ribosomes are made of ___ subunits

they are…

A

2

large ribosomal subunit

small ribosomal subunit

23
Q

each ribosomal subunit is made up of multiple ___ and ___

A

ribosomal proteins

ribosomal RNAs

24
Q

function of small subunit of ribosome

A

positioning of the mRNA

25
Q

function of both subunits of ribosome

A

binding tRNAs

26
Q

function of large subunit and rRNA in ribosome

A

peptide bond formation

27
Q

function of large subunit, rRNA, release factor in ribosome

A

recognition of ‘Stop’ codon and protein release

28
Q

which ribosome subunit is in charge of positioning of the mRNA?

A

small subunit

29
Q

which ribosome subunit is in charge of binding tRNAs?

A

both subunits

30
Q

which ribosome subunit is in charge of peptide bond formation?

A

large subunit, rRNA

31
Q

which ribosome subunit is in charge of recognition of the ‘Stop’ codon and protein release?

A

large subunit

rRNA

release factor

32
Q

rRNAs have ___ function

A

enzymatic

33
Q

what are ribozymes?

A

RNA molecules that catalyze reactions, like protein enzymes

34
Q

what do tRNAs molecules do?

A

carry amino acids to the ribosome for incorporation into a protein

35
Q

what are the parts of a tRNA molecule?

A

amino acid

acceptor stem

anticodon loop

anticodon

36
Q

the anticodon associated with the codon thru…

A

complementary base pairing

37
Q

what is a charged tRNA?

A

a tRNA with an amino acid attached

38
Q

how does a tRNA become charged?

A

aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase (aaRS) enzymes bind to:
- an amino acid
- an ATP
- an ‘uncharged’ tRNA (not bound to an amino acid)

using the energy from ATP hydrolysis, the amino acid is covalently bound to the tRNA

39
Q

there are ___ aaRS enzymes (___ for each amino acid)

A

20

1

BIOL 231 (23 decks)

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