Week 7 - WORKBOOK Flashcards
Define Glomerular filtration
The process of water and small dissolved solutes moving from Glomerulus into Glomerular capsule
Define Glomerular filtration rate
The amount of filtrate formed by both kidneys per minute
Define renal threshold
The concentration of a substance dissolved in the blood above which the kidneys begin removing it into urine
What is the blood flow through the kidneys IN ORDER
- renal artery
- afferent arterioles
- Glomerulus
- efferent arterioles
- peritubular capillaries
- renal veins
What are the three stages in urine formation?
- Glomerular filtration
- Tubular reabsorption
- Tubular secretion
What is the definition of Glomerular filtration?
Water and small dissolved solutes move from Glomerulus into Glomerular capsule
What is the definition of tubular reabsorption?
Water and important substances are returned from the filtrate in the tubule back into the blood
Define tubular secretion
Unwanted substances move from the blood into the urine
What are the 3 hormones/mechanisms that respond for dehydration/low blood volume?
- thirst centre in the hypothalamus (nervous system)
- Aldosterone
- Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
How does the thirst centre aid in the process of dehydration/low blood volume?
Process:
- stimulates desire to drink water
Effect:
- water gain, decreasing urine output
How does the Aldosterone hormone aid in the process of dehydration/low blood volume?
Process:
- increases tubular reabsorption of Na+ causes an increase water reabsorption (via osmosis)
Effect:
- water gain decreases urine output
How does the Antidiuretic hormone aid in the process for dehydration/low blood volume?
Process:
- an increase reabsorption of water from collecting ducts
Effect:
- water gain decreases urine output
What is the hormone that responds towards over hydration/increased blood volume or blood pressure ?
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
How does ANP aid in the process of over hydration/increased blood volume/pressure?
Process:
- decrease tubular reabsorption of Na+ (increase excretion of Na+ in urine causes an increase excretion of water via osmosis)
Effect:
- water loss increase urine output
What are three specific ways in which the renal system contributes to the homeostasis of the cardiovascular system?
- kidneys maintain fluid balance in the blood by controlling the amount of irons produced
- kidneys control blood volume and/or blood pressure by regulation of Na+ and water balance
- kidneys regulate electrolyte balance which in term effects fluid volume
What does pH refer to?
“Potential of hydrogen” in a solution
How does the carbonic acid - bicarbonate buffer system respond to a fall in pH? (acidosis)
H+ ions combine with HC03- to form carbonic acid (which then dissociates into C02 to be expelled via the lungs)
How does the carbonic acid - bicarbonate buffer respond to a rise in pH? (Alkalosis)
Carbonic acid dissociates into H+ ions (increasing the blood plasma concentration and correcting pH) and HC03- is removed
How does the respiratory system respond to a fall in pH? (acidosis)
Respiratory rate and depth increase to blow off more C02 (therefore reducing H+ ions)
How does the respiratory system respond to a rise in pH? (Alkalosis)
Respiratory rate and depth decrease to conserve more C02 (therefore increasing H+ ions)
How does the renal system respond to a fall in pH? (Acidosis)
Increases secretion of H+ ions and more generation of HC03-
How does the renal system respond to a rise in pH? (Alkalosis)
Increased secretion of HC03- and more generation of H+ ions
What is the purpose of a buffer system?
To prevent marked/extreme changes in pH
What are 3 types of buffer systems?
- Proteins (Hb and albumin)
- Carbonic acid-bicarbonate system
- Phosphates
A rise in pH means the blood plasma is more…
Acidic
A fall in pH means the blood plasma is more..
Acidic
More H+ ions in the blood plasma indicates a
Lower pH
Less H+ ions in the blood plasma indicates a
Higher pH
A patient with Hypercapnia (high PC02) is likely to have
Respiratory Acidosis
A patient with hypocapnia (low PC02) is likely to have a
Respiratory Alkalosis
A rise in H+ ions due to a non-respiratory cause is called a
Metabolic acidosis
A fall in H+ ions due to a non-respiratory cause is called a
Metabolic alkalosis
A shift in pH affects all body systems, but the minor adverse impact is on the…
Nervous and cardiovascular systems
