Week 2 - Respiratory Flashcards
1
Q
What is the correct pathway of an oxygen molecule from the air to the lungs
A
- Nose
- Pharynx
(Nasopharynx)
(Oropharynx)
(Laryngopharynx) - Larynx
- Trachea
- Bronchi
- Bronchioles
- Terminal Bronchioles
- Alveoli
2
Q
What is the key structures in the Bronchioles?
A
- Contains smooth muscle and no cartilage
- Under sympathetic and parasympathetic control to increase or decrease the diameter to modify airflow
3
Q
What are the key structures for the Trachea?
A
- Contains C shaped rings of cartilage
- extends from the larynx and branches into the two primary bronchi
- lined with ciliated pseudostratified columnal epithelium
- protects and maintains patency of airflow
4
Q
What are the key structures for the larynx?
A
- provides a passage for air
- contains vocal cords to produce sound
- enables cough reflex to prevent anything other than air from entering the lower respiratory system
- contains the Epiglottis (leaf shaped cartilage) to prevent food and water passing into the trachea
5
Q
What are the key structures to the Nasal Cavity?
A
- Warms, moistens and filters inspired air
- contains olfactory epithelium to detect smell
- serves as a resonating chamber for speech
6
Q
Describe 4 functions of the respiratory system
A
- Gas exchange (02, C02)
- pH regulation
- Olfaction
- Voice production
- Aids venous and lymph return
7
Q
What muscles contract during quiet inhalation?
A
- External intercostals
- Diaphragm
8
Q
During quiet inhalation, what type of volume change happens?
A
Increases the volume Of the thoracic cavity
9
Q
During quiet inhalation, what type of pressure change happens?
A
- Pressure will decrease in the thoracic cavity
10
Q
What muscles contract during quiet exhalation?
A
- None
11
Q
What is the volume change during quiet exhalation?
A
- Volume decreases of the thoracic cavity
12
Q
What is the pressure change during quiet exhalation?
A
- pressure will increase in the thoracic cavity
13
Q
What muscles are used during forced inhalation?
A
- external intercostals
- diaphragm
- sternocleidomastoid (SCM)
- pectoralis minor
14
Q
What is the volume change during forced inhalation?
A
- volume will increase
15
Q
What is the pressure change during forced inhalation?
A
- pressure will decrease
16
Q
What muscles contract during forced exhalation?
A
- Abdominals
- Internal intercostals
17
Q
What is the volume change during forced exhalation?
A
- volume will decrease
18
Q
What is the pressure change during forced exhalation?
A
- pressure will increase
19
Q
Define ‘lung compliance’
A
- ease at which lungs and the thorax expand on inspiration
20
Q
Define ‘lung recoil’
A
Ease at which the lungs and thorax return to resting position on expiration
21
Q
Define ‘airway resistance’
A
- resistance to the flow of air through the respiratory tract during inhalation and exhalation
22
Q
What are 4 factors that could increase airway resistance?
A
- bronchoconstriction of bronchial smooth muscle
- mucus (mucous) or secretions within the airways
- Narrowed airways from oedema (excel fluid in interstitial space)
- Alveolar collapse
23
Q
5 factors that promote gas exchange at the alveolar/capillary junction
A
- warm moist surface
- extensive capillary network for blood supply
- short diffusion distance
- increased partial pressure of gases (02, C02)
- large surface area
24
Q
The exchange of gases between the alveoli and capillaries in the lungs is
A
By external respiration
25
A factor which promotes external respiration is
A short diffusion distance between alveolus and the capillary
26
Carbon dioxide is mostly transported in the blood as
Bicarbonate ions, dissolved in plasma and bound to haemoglobin
27
Most powerful respiratory stimulant is
Rising C02 In the blood
28
What is the test that measures HC03- and calculates pH, and measures PC02 & P02?
The arterial blood gas
29
In children...
The airways are much more narrower than adults & more seriously affected by oedema/secretions/bronchoconstriction
30
Haemoglobin releases oxygen more readily to tissues that are
Low in pH
31
The airway(s) that dilate under the influence of the sympathetic nervous system are
The bronchioles
32
The work of breathing is decreased by
Lungs that are compliant
33
Quiet exhalation involves
Elastic recoil of the lungs
34
Primary site of gas exchange in the lungs
Alveolus
35
Double layer of cells where gases are exchanged between alveolar air and blood is called...
Respiratory membrane
36
This contains serous membranes in the thoracic cavity
Pleura
37
One of the 4 pairs Of air sinuses of the skull opening into the nose is called
Paranasal sinus
38
Bony projections that divide each nasal cavity into three passageways; nasal conchae
Turbinates
39
What is the voice box called? Located just below the pharynx
Larynx
40
Small branches of bronchus are called
Bronchiole
41
This extends from the larynx in the neck to the primary bronchi in the thorax (windpipe)
Trachea
42
What are the external openings into the nasal cavities or the nostrils called
Nares
43
What is the specialised ciliated mucous membrane that lines the respiratory tract down to the bronchioles called?
Respiratory mucosa
44
System of airways composed of the trachea and two primary bronchi and their many branches
Bronchial tree
45
Which structure does not distribute air?
Alveolus
46
The structures that deflect air as it passes through the nose are called
Conchae
47
The anatomical division of the pharynx that is located behind the mouth from the soft palate above to the level of the hyoid bone below is called the
Oropharynx
48
Is distributing oxygen to cells a function of the respiratory system?
No
49
The structure in the neck known as the “adams apple” is the
Thryoid cartilage
50
The Eustachian tube connects the middle ear with the
Nasopharynx
51
During gas exchange, the lungs’ main and vital function takes place where?
Alveoli
52
What is the function of surfactant?
Prevent each alveolus from collapsing as air moves in and out during respiration
53
Function of the cribriform plate
Separates the nasal and cranial cavities
54
Cellular respiration occurs where?
In the mitochondria
55
The small openings in the cribriform plate function to..
Allow branches of the olfactory nerve to enter the cranial cavity and reach the brain
56
Ciliated cells lining the respiratory tract help..
Move the mucus blanket toward the pharynx
57
Total number of lobes in both lungs is...
5
58
The respiratory system can be divided into...
- Upper respiratory tract
| - lower respiratory tract
59
How does the right bronchus differ from the left bronchus, and what effect might this have on the aspiration of objects?
The right bronchus is slightly larger and more vertical than the left. It helps explain why aspirated foreign objects frequently lodge in the right bronchus
60
What aspects of the structure of lung tissue make efficient gas exchange possible?
- the enormous surface area and the respiratory membrane, where the very thin-walled alveoli and equally thin-walled pulmonary capillaries make possible extremely rapid diffusion of gases between alveolar air and pulmonary capillary blood
61
Most of the structures in the bronchial tree are involved in air distribution rather than gas exchange
True
62
The rings of cartilage that form the trachea are incomplete rings that prevent it from collapsing and shutting off the vital airway
True
63
For gas exchange to occur at the cellular level, both the respiratory system and the circulatory system must be functional
True
64
The respiratory system play a crucial role in regulating the body pH
True
65
Vital capacity can be defined as..
The maximum volume of air that can be moved into and out of the lungs during forced respiration
66
As lung compliance decreases, the ease of respiration increases
False
67
Quiet expiration is normally a passive process
True
68
Chemoreceptors can be found in both the carotid boxes and the aorta
True
69
The diaphragm is stimulated by which nerve?
The phrenic nerve
70
What happens when the diaphragm relaxes?
It increases the size of the chest cavity, causing air to move into the lung
71
What are the 4 steps of oxygen delivery IN ORDER!
1. Ventilation of the lungs
2. Diffusion of 02 from alveoli into pulmonary capillaries
3. Perfusion of systemic capillaries with oxygenated blood
4. Diffusion of 02 from systemic capillaries into cells
72
Does a small surface area promote external respiration?
No
73
The greater the difference in P02, the faster oxygen will combine with haemoglobin
True
74
100% of oxygen is transported by haemoglobin
False
75
Chemoreceptors are most sensitive to..
Small increases in PC02 levels
76
Airway resistance is the resistance to air flow in the respiratory passageways. This makes breathing more difficult
True
77
The volume of air remaining in the lungs are maximal exhalation is the tidal volume
False
78
The rate and breathing is controlled by the..
- Medulla oblongata
| - pons
79
The visceral pleura lines the wall of the thoracic cavity
False
80
Where are the cough receptors/reflex located?
In the Carina
81
Where is the Carina located?
At the lower End of the trachea
82
What type of process is inspiration?
Active
83
What type of protein is surfactant?
Lipid
84
What type of shape is a red-blood cell?
Bi-concave to carry oxygen
85
What is hypoxia?
Low levels of 02 in cells and tissues
86
What is hypoxemia?
Low levels of 02 in the blood
87
What is hypocapnia?
Low levels of C02 in the blood
88
What is hypercapnia?
High levels of C02 in the blood
89
What is hyperoxemic?
High levels of 02 in the blood
90
What is hyperoxia?
High levels of 02 in cells and tissues
91
What are the 4 steps IN ORDER to remove carbon dioxide?
1. Diffusion of C02 from cells into systemic capillaries
2. Perfusion of pulmonary capillaries
3. Diffusion of C02 into alveoli
4. Removal of C02 by ventilation
92
Where does external respiration occur?
Between alveolus and pulmonary capillaries
93
Where does internal respiration occur?
Between systemic capillaries and body tissues
94
What do partial pressure gradients drive across the membrane?
- 02, C02
95
The atmosphere is composed of what main gas?
- 02, (21%)
96
What does Pulse oximetry measure?
Percent of saturation of Hb
97
What is it called when the haemoglobin has four 02?
Oxyhaemoglobin
98
Name 2 respiratory function when aged
- airways and tissues of the respiratory system because less elastic and more rigid
- the older person is more susceptible to pulmonary disorders like pneumonia and bronchitis because
: reduced action of cilia in respiratory tract
: decreased activity of alveolar macrophages
99
How can the rhythm of breathing be altered?
```
- Chemical stimuli
: changes in PC02 levels
: changes in H+ concentration
: large decreases in PO2
- the inflation reflex (prevents over-inflation of the lungs)
- conscious decision to alter breathing
- temperature
- limbic system stimulation
```
100
Where is the respiratory system located and what does it control?
- in the medulla oblongata & pons
| - controls the rate and depth of breathing
101
What function does the sympathetic nervous system have in the respiratory system in regards of breathing
- dilates the bronchioles (bronchodilation) and decreases mucus secretion
102
What function does the parasympathetic nervous system have on the respiratory system in regards of breathing?
- constricts the bronchioles (bronchoconstriction) and increases mucus secretions
103
How will air flow into the lungs?
From a higher pressure outside the body to a lower pressure inside the lungs
104
What is the function of your lungs?
- surface tension in the alveoli
- compliance of the lungs
- airway resistance
105
What are the steps IN ORDER to remove carbon dioxide?
1. Diffusion of C03 from cells into systemic capillaries
2. Perfusion of pulmonary capillaries
3. Diffusion of C02 into alveoli
4. Removal of C02 by ventilation
