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Nursing Science EXAM 2 > Week 2 - Respiratory > Flashcards

Week 2 - Respiratory Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the correct pathway of an oxygen molecule from the air to the lungs

A
  • Nose
  • Pharynx
    (Nasopharynx)
    (Oropharynx)
    (Laryngopharynx)
  • Larynx
  • Trachea
  • Bronchi
  • Bronchioles
  • Terminal Bronchioles
  • Alveoli
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2
Q

What is the key structures in the Bronchioles?

A
  • Contains smooth muscle and no cartilage

- Under sympathetic and parasympathetic control to increase or decrease the diameter to modify airflow

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3
Q

What are the key structures for the Trachea?

A
  • Contains C shaped rings of cartilage
  • extends from the larynx and branches into the two primary bronchi
  • lined with ciliated pseudostratified columnal epithelium
  • protects and maintains patency of airflow
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4
Q

What are the key structures for the larynx?

A
  • provides a passage for air
  • contains vocal cords to produce sound
  • enables cough reflex to prevent anything other than air from entering the lower respiratory system
  • contains the Epiglottis (leaf shaped cartilage) to prevent food and water passing into the trachea
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5
Q

What are the key structures to the Nasal Cavity?

A
  • Warms, moistens and filters inspired air
  • contains olfactory epithelium to detect smell
  • serves as a resonating chamber for speech
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6
Q

Describe 4 functions of the respiratory system

A
  • Gas exchange (02, C02)
  • pH regulation
  • Olfaction
  • Voice production
  • Aids venous and lymph return
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7
Q

What muscles contract during quiet inhalation?

A
  • External intercostals

- Diaphragm

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8
Q

During quiet inhalation, what type of volume change happens?

A

Increases the volume Of the thoracic cavity

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9
Q

During quiet inhalation, what type of pressure change happens?

A
  • Pressure will decrease in the thoracic cavity
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10
Q

What muscles contract during quiet exhalation?

A
  • None
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11
Q

What is the volume change during quiet exhalation?

A
  • Volume decreases of the thoracic cavity
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12
Q

What is the pressure change during quiet exhalation?

A
  • pressure will increase in the thoracic cavity
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13
Q

What muscles are used during forced inhalation?

A
  • external intercostals
  • diaphragm
  • sternocleidomastoid (SCM)
  • pectoralis minor
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14
Q

What is the volume change during forced inhalation?

A
  • volume will increase
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15
Q

What is the pressure change during forced inhalation?

A
  • pressure will decrease
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16
Q

What muscles contract during forced exhalation?

A
  • Abdominals

- Internal intercostals

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17
Q

What is the volume change during forced exhalation?

A
  • volume will decrease
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18
Q

What is the pressure change during forced exhalation?

A
  • pressure will increase
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19
Q

Define ‘lung compliance’

A
  • ease at which lungs and the thorax expand on inspiration
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20
Q

Define ‘lung recoil’

A

Ease at which the lungs and thorax return to resting position on expiration

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21
Q

Define ‘airway resistance’

A
  • resistance to the flow of air through the respiratory tract during inhalation and exhalation
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22
Q

What are 4 factors that could increase airway resistance?

A
  • bronchoconstriction of bronchial smooth muscle
  • mucus (mucous) or secretions within the airways
  • Narrowed airways from oedema (excel fluid in interstitial space)
  • Alveolar collapse
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23
Q

5 factors that promote gas exchange at the alveolar/capillary junction

A
  • warm moist surface
  • extensive capillary network for blood supply
  • short diffusion distance
  • increased partial pressure of gases (02, C02)
  • large surface area
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24
Q

The exchange of gases between the alveoli and capillaries in the lungs is

A

By external respiration

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25
Q

A factor which promotes external respiration is

A

A short diffusion distance between alveolus and the capillary

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26
Q

Carbon dioxide is mostly transported in the blood as

A

Bicarbonate ions, dissolved in plasma and bound to haemoglobin

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27
Q

Most powerful respiratory stimulant is

A

Rising C02 In the blood

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28
Q

What is the test that measures HC03- and calculates pH, and measures PC02 & P02?

A

The arterial blood gas

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29
Q

In children…

A

The airways are much more narrower than adults & more seriously affected by oedema/secretions/bronchoconstriction

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30
Q

Haemoglobin releases oxygen more readily to tissues that are

A

Low in pH

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31
Q

The airway(s) that dilate under the influence of the sympathetic nervous system are

A

The bronchioles

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32
Q

The work of breathing is decreased by

A

Lungs that are compliant

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33
Q

Quiet exhalation involves

A

Elastic recoil of the lungs

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34
Q

Primary site of gas exchange in the lungs

A

Alveolus

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35
Q

Double layer of cells where gases are exchanged between alveolar air and blood is called…

A

Respiratory membrane

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36
Q

This contains serous membranes in the thoracic cavity

A

Pleura

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37
Q

One of the 4 pairs Of air sinuses of the skull opening into the nose is called

A

Paranasal sinus

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38
Q

Bony projections that divide each nasal cavity into three passageways; nasal conchae

A

Turbinates

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39
Q

What is the voice box called? Located just below the pharynx

A

Larynx

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40
Q

Small branches of bronchus are called

A

Bronchiole

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41
Q

This extends from the larynx in the neck to the primary bronchi in the thorax (windpipe)

A

Trachea

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42
Q

What are the external openings into the nasal cavities or the nostrils called

A

Nares

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43
Q

What is the specialised ciliated mucous membrane that lines the respiratory tract down to the bronchioles called?

A

Respiratory mucosa

44
Q

System of airways composed of the trachea and two primary bronchi and their many branches

A

Bronchial tree

45
Q

Which structure does not distribute air?

A

Alveolus

46
Q

The structures that deflect air as it passes through the nose are called

A

Conchae

47
Q

The anatomical division of the pharynx that is located behind the mouth from the soft palate above to the level of the hyoid bone below is called the

A

Oropharynx

48
Q

Is distributing oxygen to cells a function of the respiratory system?

A

No

49
Q

The structure in the neck known as the “adams apple” is the

A

Thryoid cartilage

50
Q

The Eustachian tube connects the middle ear with the

A

Nasopharynx

51
Q

During gas exchange, the lungs’ main and vital function takes place where?

A

Alveoli

52
Q

What is the function of surfactant?

A

Prevent each alveolus from collapsing as air moves in and out during respiration

53
Q

Function of the cribriform plate

A

Separates the nasal and cranial cavities

54
Q

Cellular respiration occurs where?

A

In the mitochondria

55
Q

The small openings in the cribriform plate function to..

A

Allow branches of the olfactory nerve to enter the cranial cavity and reach the brain

56
Q

Ciliated cells lining the respiratory tract help..

A

Move the mucus blanket toward the pharynx

57
Q

Total number of lobes in both lungs is…

A

5

58
Q

The respiratory system can be divided into…

A
  • Upper respiratory tract

- lower respiratory tract

59
Q

How does the right bronchus differ from the left bronchus, and what effect might this have on the aspiration of objects?

A

The right bronchus is slightly larger and more vertical than the left. It helps explain why aspirated foreign objects frequently lodge in the right bronchus

60
Q

What aspects of the structure of lung tissue make efficient gas exchange possible?

A
  • the enormous surface area and the respiratory membrane, where the very thin-walled alveoli and equally thin-walled pulmonary capillaries make possible extremely rapid diffusion of gases between alveolar air and pulmonary capillary blood
61
Q

Most of the structures in the bronchial tree are involved in air distribution rather than gas exchange

A

True

62
Q

The rings of cartilage that form the trachea are incomplete rings that prevent it from collapsing and shutting off the vital airway

A

True

63
Q

For gas exchange to occur at the cellular level, both the respiratory system and the circulatory system must be functional

A

True

64
Q

The respiratory system play a crucial role in regulating the body pH

A

True

65
Q

Vital capacity can be defined as..

A

The maximum volume of air that can be moved into and out of the lungs during forced respiration

66
Q

As lung compliance decreases, the ease of respiration increases

A

False

67
Q

Quiet expiration is normally a passive process

A

True

68
Q

Chemoreceptors can be found in both the carotid boxes and the aorta

A

True

69
Q

The diaphragm is stimulated by which nerve?

A

The phrenic nerve

70
Q

What happens when the diaphragm relaxes?

A

It increases the size of the chest cavity, causing air to move into the lung

71
Q

What are the 4 steps of oxygen delivery IN ORDER!

A
  1. Ventilation of the lungs
  2. Diffusion of 02 from alveoli into pulmonary capillaries
  3. Perfusion of systemic capillaries with oxygenated blood
  4. Diffusion of 02 from systemic capillaries into cells
72
Q

Does a small surface area promote external respiration?

A

No

73
Q

The greater the difference in P02, the faster oxygen will combine with haemoglobin

A

True

74
Q

100% of oxygen is transported by haemoglobin

A

False

75
Q

Chemoreceptors are most sensitive to..

A

Small increases in PC02 levels

76
Q

Airway resistance is the resistance to air flow in the respiratory passageways. This makes breathing more difficult

A

True

77
Q

The volume of air remaining in the lungs are maximal exhalation is the tidal volume

A

False

78
Q

The rate and breathing is controlled by the..

A
  • Medulla oblongata

- pons

79
Q

The visceral pleura lines the wall of the thoracic cavity

A

False

80
Q

Where are the cough receptors/reflex located?

A

In the Carina

81
Q

Where is the Carina located?

A

At the lower End of the trachea

82
Q

What type of process is inspiration?

A

Active

83
Q

What type of protein is surfactant?

A

Lipid

84
Q

What type of shape is a red-blood cell?

A

Bi-concave to carry oxygen

85
Q

What is hypoxia?

A

Low levels of 02 in cells and tissues

86
Q

What is hypoxemia?

A

Low levels of 02 in the blood

87
Q

What is hypocapnia?

A

Low levels of C02 in the blood

88
Q

What is hypercapnia?

A

High levels of C02 in the blood

89
Q

What is hyperoxemic?

A

High levels of 02 in the blood

90
Q

What is hyperoxia?

A

High levels of 02 in cells and tissues

91
Q

What are the 4 steps IN ORDER to remove carbon dioxide?

A
  1. Diffusion of C02 from cells into systemic capillaries
  2. Perfusion of pulmonary capillaries
  3. Diffusion of C02 into alveoli
  4. Removal of C02 by ventilation
92
Q

Where does external respiration occur?

A

Between alveolus and pulmonary capillaries

93
Q

Where does internal respiration occur?

A

Between systemic capillaries and body tissues

94
Q

What do partial pressure gradients drive across the membrane?

A
  • 02, C02
95
Q

The atmosphere is composed of what main gas?

A
  • 02, (21%)
96
Q

What does Pulse oximetry measure?

A

Percent of saturation of Hb

97
Q

What is it called when the haemoglobin has four 02?

A

Oxyhaemoglobin

98
Q

Name 2 respiratory function when aged

A
  • airways and tissues of the respiratory system because less elastic and more rigid
  • the older person is more susceptible to pulmonary disorders like pneumonia and bronchitis because
    : reduced action of cilia in respiratory tract
    : decreased activity of alveolar macrophages
99
Q

How can the rhythm of breathing be altered?

A 
- Chemical stimuli 
     : changes in PC02 levels 
     : changes in H+ concentration 
     : large decreases in PO2 
- the inflation reflex (prevents over-inflation of the lungs) 
- conscious decision to alter breathing 
- temperature 
- limbic system stimulation
100
Q

Where is the respiratory system located and what does it control?

A
  • in the medulla oblongata & pons

- controls the rate and depth of breathing

101
Q

What function does the sympathetic nervous system have in the respiratory system in regards of breathing

A
  • dilates the bronchioles (bronchodilation) and decreases mucus secretion
102
Q

What function does the parasympathetic nervous system have on the respiratory system in regards of breathing?

A
  • constricts the bronchioles (bronchoconstriction) and increases mucus secretions
103
Q

How will air flow into the lungs?

A

From a higher pressure outside the body to a lower pressure inside the lungs

104
Q

What is the function of your lungs?

A
  • surface tension in the alveoli
  • compliance of the lungs
  • airway resistance
105
Q

What are the steps IN ORDER to remove carbon dioxide?

A
  1. Diffusion of C03 from cells into systemic capillaries
  2. Perfusion of pulmonary capillaries
  3. Diffusion of C02 into alveoli
  4. Removal of C02 by ventilation

Nursing Science EXAM 2 (10 decks)

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