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Nursing Science EXAM 2 > Week 3 - Cardiac System > Flashcards

Week 3 - Cardiac System Flashcards

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1
Q

Definition of a sinoatrial (SA) node

A

The hearts natural pacemaker, that controls the heart rate. The SA node consists of a cluster of cells that are situated in the hearts right atrium

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2
Q

Function of the SA node

A
  • generates an electrical impulse that causes the atria to contract
  • it has automatically, meaning it initiates the electrical conduction of the conduction system independently
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3
Q

Definition of the Atrioventricular (AV) node

A

The next stage of conduction pathway after SA; located in the Koch triangle near the coronary sinus on the inter-arterial septum
- electrically connects the the right atrium and the right ventricle

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4
Q

AV node function

A

Slows the conduction rate to allow for complete contraction of both atria

  • can initiate a beat if the SA node fails to ‘fire’
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5
Q

Define atrioventricular (AV) bundle (bundle of His)

A

The next stage of conduction pathway after SA and AV; located between the atria and ventricles in the interventricular septum

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6
Q

Function of the AV bundle (bundle of his)

A

After the electrical impulse is sent from the SA node to the AV node, the bundle of his quickly conducts the impulse through the interventricular septum to the tip of the ventricles

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7
Q

Define the Left and Right bundle branches

A

Two branches of the AV bundle; located in the interventricular septum

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8
Q

Function of the right and left bundle branches

A

Relays electrical conduction into the right and left ventricles towards the apex of the heart

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9
Q

Define purkinje fibres

A

Any specialised cardiac muscle fibres forming a network in the ventricular walls that conduct electric impulses responsible for the contractions of the ventricles

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10
Q

Function of the purkinje fibres

A

They conduct the impulse to the ventricles creating synchronised contractions of the ventricles, causing ventricular systole, pumping blood out of the aorta and around the body

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11
Q

Function of the electrocardiography

A
  • a quick, pain free easy diagnostic investigation to look at the hearts electrical activity
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12
Q

Define heart sounds I and II

A

Noises generated by the closing of paired valves during the beating of the heart; auscultated at the apex of the heart using a stethoscope

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13
Q

Function of heart sound I

A

First ‘lub’ indicates the simultaneous closure of the AV valves (bicuspid and tricuspid) during ventricular systole

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14
Q

Function of heart sound II

A

The ‘dub’ sound indicates the simultaneous closure of the SL valves (aortic and pulmonic) during ventricular diastole

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15
Q

What are the three layers of the heart?

A
  • Pericardium
  • Myocardium
  • Endocardium
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16
Q

What 2 layers can the Pericardium be divided into?

A
  • Fibrous Pericardium

- Serous Pericardium

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17
Q

What does the Pericardial Fluid do within the pericardial cavity?

A

Lubricates the heart and prevents friction

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18
Q

What 2 sub layers can the serous pericardium be divided into?

A
  • Visceral Serous

- Parietal Serous

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19
Q

Features of the Visceral Serous

A
  • covers myocardium

- inner most layer of the pericardium

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20
Q

What lines the Fibrous pericardium?

A

Parietal serous

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21
Q

What is the Myocardium?

A

Cardiac muscle tissue arranged in intercalated discs that contracts and relaxed to force blood through the heart to the body

  • the middle, muscular layer
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22
Q

Features of the Endocardium

A
  • Thin, Shiny membrane that lines the valves and is continuous with the large blood vessels
  • minimises friction to blood flow preventing coagulation of blood
  • Inner layer
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23
Q

Pericardium is the…

A

Outer layer of the heart wall

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24
Q

Define Pulmonary Circulation

A

The part of the circulatory system which carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs and returns oxygenated blood to the left atrium and ventricle

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25
Q

Define ‘systemic circulation’

A

Provides the functional blood supply to all body tissue. Carries oxygen and nutrients to the cells of the body and carries carbon dioxide and waste products away from the cells

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26
Q

Define ‘coronary circulation’

A

Provides the function blood supply to the heart. Carries oxygen and nutrients to the heart and carries carbon dioxide and waste products away from the heart

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27
Q

What do the coronary arteries supply the heart with?

A

Oxygen and nutrients

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28
Q

What do the coronary veins remove from the heart?

A

Remove carbon dioxide and waste products

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29
Q

What does the circumflex artery supply?

A

Lateral and posterior wall of left ventricle

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30
Q

What does the right coronary artery supply?

A

The right atrium and nearly all of the right ventricle

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31
Q

Where does the left coronary artery branch into?

A

The circumflex artery artery

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32
Q

Where do the right and left coronary arteries branch from?

A

The ascending aorta and supply the myocardium with oxygenated blood

33
Q

Where does the venous blood drain into?

A

Coronary sinus

34
Q

Where does blood drain into after the coronary sinus?

A
  • drains directly into the right atrium to meet the body’s supply of ‘deoxygenated’ blood
35
Q

Which valves are open and closed before the first ECG wave, where the Atria is in diastole and the ventricles are in diastole?

A
  • blood flows into the atria from the vena cavae and pulmonary veins through the Bicuspid (mitral) and tricuspid atrioventricular valves and into the ventricles
36
Q

What wave is represented when the heart is in Atria depolarise?

A

P wave

37
Q

What valves open when the Atria is in Systole and the ventricles are in diastole (P wave)

A

Blood is forced though the bicuspid (mitral) and tricuspid atrioventricular valves into the ventricles

38
Q

What ECG wave is represented when the ventricles depolarise and the atria repolarise?

A

QRS complex

39
Q

What valves are open and closed when the ventricles are in systole and the atria is in diastole (QRS wave)

A
  • return of blood to the atria is prevented by closure of the bicuspid (mitral) and tricuspid atrioventricular valves

(HEART SOUND 1 ‘lub’)

  • blood is forced into the aorta and pulmonary trunk, Aortic and pulmonary semi lunar valves are open
40
Q

What ECG wave is represented when the ventricles repolarise?

A

T wave

41
Q

What valves open when the atria is in diastole and the ventricles in diastole (also known as atria and ventricular diastole) (ECG wave T)

A
  • return of blood to the ventricles is prevented by closure of the aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves

HEART SOUND 2 (dub)

42
Q

What is the correct sequence of flow of an electrical impulse through the heart?

A
  • SA Node
  • AV node
  • AV bundle
  • Purkinje Fibres
43
Q

Nervous regulation of the heart originates in the

A

Medulla oblongata

44
Q

What are the right and left halves of the heart separated by?

A

Interatrial and interventricular septa

45
Q

Tension in the chordae tendineae and papillary muscles during ventricular systole prevent

A

Backflow of blood into the atria

46
Q

The sinoatrial node…

A

Contains autorhythmic fibres repeatedly generate action potentials

47
Q

Veins in the myocardium drain into the

A

Coronary sinus

48
Q

When the ventricles relax..

A

Ventricular pressure drops

49
Q

The right atrium receives blood directly from 3 vessels. They are

A
  • Superior vena cava
  • coronary sinus
  • left internal jugular vein
50
Q

The left ventricle refills with blood in preparation for initiation of the next cardiac cycle during ventricular…

A

Diastole

51
Q

What is the correct pathway of blood moving from the superior vena cava to the lungs

A
  • right atrium
  • tricuspid valve
  • right ventricle
  • pulmonary semilunar valve
52
Q

The atrioventricular (AV) bundle (bundle of his) does what

A

Is the only site where action potentials can conduct from the atria to the ventricles

53
Q

Where does most of the heart lie?

A

To the left of midline of the thoracic cavity

54
Q

Blood flows from the right atrium to the right ventricle through the what valve?

A

Tricuspid

55
Q

Ventricular systole is caused by

A

Ventricular depolarisation

56
Q

During exercise, increased muscle contraction helps return more blood to the heart. This would lead to..

A

Increased stroke volume

57
Q

What is a benefit of regular aerobic training?

A

Increased maximal cardiac output during strenuous exercise

58
Q

What is the protective membrane surrounding the heart called?

A

Pericardium

59
Q

The thin layer of endothelium lining the interior chambers of the heart is called the..

A

Endocardium

60
Q

What valve allows blood to flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle?

A

Bicuspid

61
Q

Blood leaves the right ventricle through the… valve

A

Semilunar valve

62
Q

What prevents blood in the right atrium from mixing with blood in the left atrium?

A

Interatrial septum

63
Q

Blood flows from the left ventricle into the aorta through the …. valve

A

Aortic semilunar

64
Q

True or false: oxygenated blood is found in the right ventricle

A

False

65
Q

True or false: the right atrium receives blood from the coronary sinus

A

True

66
Q

True or false: blood enters the systemic circuit of blood flow by passing through the pulmonary valve

A

False

67
Q

True or false: the interventricular septum separates the ventricles from the atria

A

False

68
Q

True or false: the coronary artery carries blood to the right atrium?

A

False

69
Q

True or false: purkinje fibres transmit the action potential from the apex of the heart to the ventricles?

A

True

70
Q

True or false: cardiac muscle fibres produce much of their energy by way of anaerobic respiration

A

False

71
Q

True or false: blood pressure is highest in the aorta during ventricular diastole?

A

False

72
Q

True or false: cardiac output is the volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle into the aorta each minute

A

True

73
Q

True or false: baroreceptors monitor changes in blood Chemisty

A

False

74
Q

Pericardium functions:

A
  • Protects - fibrous pericardium tough, very dense, non flexible connective tissue
  • anchors to surrounding structures
  • stops the heart from over filling
75
Q

Mechanical events of the cardiac cycle:

A
  • Cardiac diastole (4 chambers in diastole) (blood flows passively into the atria and through open AV valves into the ventricles
  • atrial systole (ventricular diastole) (blood remaining in atria is forced into ventricles)
  • ventricular systole (atrial diastole) (pressure of blood closes the AV valves ‘LUB’ and opens semilunar valves) (blood forced into the aorta and pulmonary trunk)
  • ventricular diastole (atrial diastole) (pressure of blood in the aorta and pulmonary trunk causes semilunar valves to close ‘DUB’)
76
Q

Age related changes to the cardiac cycle:

A
  • heart valves (specifically the aortic valve) becomes stiffened and thicker. Aortic stenosis is very common in the elderly
  • blood vessel wall lining (endothelium) becomes thickened
  • progressive degeneration of cardiac structures, loss of elasticity, fibrotic changes in the valves and reduced contractility of the left ventricular myocardium
77
Q

What type of blood do arteries and veins take to and from the heart

A
  • arteries carry oxygen and nutrients away from the heart to the body’s tissues that need it
  • the veins take deoxygenated blood back to the heart
78
Q

What is the function of the heart?

A

Pump enough blood to deliver a continuous supply of oxygen and nutrients to the brain and the other vital organs

Nursing Science EXAM 2 (10 decks)

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