Practice Exam 2 Flashcards
What represents the correct sequence of heart structures through which blood passes when flowing from the superior and inferior vena cava to the lungs?
- Right Atrium
- Tricuspid Valve
- Right Ventricle
- Pulmonary Semi Lunar Valve
- Pulmonary trunk
What do Osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus stimulate?
Thirst
If a person becomes over hydrated…
Production of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP hormone) will increase
Hypercapnia is..
High levels of carbon dioxide in the blood
What can occur if the patient has low levels of albumin in the blood?
The person could develop oedema
What is the hormone that increases water reabsorption through aquaporin channels In the collecting ducts of the kidney?
Antidiuretic hormone
In a nephron, substances that are usually completely reabsorbed from the renal tubule into the blood are…
Glucose and amino acids
When a person has respiratory alkalosis, the kidneys…
Reabsorb more H+
What type of epithelial tissue is the trachea lined with?
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar
The amount of air that moves in/out of the lungs with each respiratory cycle is called..
Tidal volume
What is an age related change to the respiratory system?
Decreased vital capacity
What does the vestibule detect?
Detects static equilibrium
The refraction of light rays by the cornea and lens directs towards…
The fovea centralis
- (located in the centre of the macula lutea of the retina)
An elderly patient has developed metabolic alkalosis, their body will compensate by…
Decreasing the rate and depth of breathing pressure
What is the function of the albumin?
- help maintain blood osmolarity
- act as a buffer
- transport substances in the blood
What is the specific function of the pulmonary semilunar valve?
Prevent the backflow of blood from the pulmonary trunk to the right ventricle
What are the 3 functions of blood?
- transportation
- protection
- regulation
What are the 3 stages of haemostasis?
- vascular spasm
- platelet plug formation
- coagulation
What is the function of vascular spasm?
Narrowing the blood vessel slows blood flow and reduces blood loss for 20-30 mins
What is the function of platelet plug formation?
Seals the damaged area in the blood vessel temporarily
What is the function of coagulation?
Formation of stable clot, fibrin threads from a mesh to reinforces the platelet plug, to seal the damaged area while tissue is repaired
What is one adverse effect a patient with low haemoglobin could experience?
That patient may have fatigue/shortness of breath due to a reduced 02 carrying capacity
During a P wave, what is the eleteical events which occur?
Atria depolarise
During a P wave, what mechanical event occurs?
Atria systole
What valves are open during P wave?
- Tricuspid
- Bicuspid
What valves are closed during P wave?
- Aortic
- Pulmonic
During the QRS wave, what is the electrical event which occurs?
Ventricles depolarise
During the QRS wave, what is the mechanical event which occurs?
Ventricular systole
During the QRS wave, what valves are open?
- aortic
- pulmonic
During the QRS wave, what valves are closed? HEART SOUND I ‘LUB’
- Tricuspid
- Bicuspid
During the T wave, what are the electrical events that occur?
Ventricles repolarise
What are the mechanical events during T wave?
Both atria and ventricles are in diastole
What valves are closed during T wave? HEART SOUND II ‘DUB’
- Aortic
- Pulmonic
What is the function of the coronary circulation?
To deliver O2 and nutrients to the heart and remove waste products
What is the role of the cardiac centre in the medulla oblongata?
To increase or decrease firing of SA node/rate and contractility
What are 2 factors that can affect blood pressure?
- vessel length
- vessel diameter
What is the physiology of hearing with the structure of the Tympanic Membrane?
Vibrates by sound waves
What is the physiology of hearing with the structure of the Ossicles and the Oval Window?
Vibration of the ossicles transfers and amplifies the vibratory motion to the oval window
What is the physiology of hearing with the structure of the oval window?
Vibrations of the oval window create pressure waves in the perilymph of the cochlea
What is the physiology of hearing with the structure of the vestibular membrane, perilymph and endolymph in the membranous labyrinth?
Pressure waves travel through the perilymph, pass through the vestibular membrane and into the endolymph (in the membranous labyrinth)
What is the physiology of hearing with the structure of the endolymph, basilar membrane, and hair cells?
Pressure waves in the endolymph cause the basilar membrane to vibrate which moves the hair cells
What are 2 age related changes to hearing?
- Tinnitus
- vestibular imbalance
What is the correct 4 step process in the removal of carbon dioxide to cells?
- Diffusion of C02 from cells to systemic capillary
- Systemic to pulmonary capillaries
- Diffusion of C02 from capillaries to Alveoli
- Removal of C02 from alveoli through expiration
What is the correct 4 step process to deliver oxygen to cells and tissues?
- Ventilation of the lungs
- Diffusion of 02 from alveoli into pulmonary capillaries
- Perfusion of systemic capillaries with oxygenated blood
- Diffusion of 02 from systemic capillaries into cells
What are 2 influences on lung compliance?
- elasticity of lung tissue (and thorax) with inspiration
- surface tension inside the alveoli
What are 4 factors which affect gas exchange at the alveolar/capillary junction?
- Diffusion distance
- Surface area
- blood supply/abundance of capillaries
- moist alveolar surface (so gases can dissolve)
What is the action on the kidney/nephron with the hormone Aldosterone?
Promotes tubular reabsorption of Na+ resulting in increased water reabsorption
What is the effect on the urine output with the hormone Aldosterone?
Decreased urine output
What is the action on the kidney/nephron with the Antidiuretic hormone?
Increases water permeability in nephron, resulting in increased water reabsorption
What is the effect on the urine output with the antidiuretic hormone?
Decreases urine output
What is the action on the kidney/nephron with the hormone, Atrial Natriuretic Peptide?
Inhibits tubular reabsorption of Na+, resulting in decreased water reabsorption
What is the effect on the urine output with the hormone Atrial Natriuretic Peptide?
Increased Urine Output
Describe two ways the kidneys contribute to homeostasis
- Kidneys maintain fluid balance in the blood (by controlling the amount of urine produced)
- kidneys control blood volume and/or blood pressure by regulation of Na+ and water balance
Describe 2 ways in which an image can be formed
- Refraction
• bending of light rays by the cornea
and retina to focus an image on
central fovea - Accommodation
• lens increase/decreases curvature to focus the
Image on the retina
Define lung compliance
The ease with which the lungs and thoracic wall can be expanded
The macular lutea of the eye is the place where…
More cones than rods are found
Less grind is produced when..
The blood pressure decreases and there is less blood flow to the kidneys
What would happen with a decrease in blood volume?
Dehydration
Where do the bundle branches transmit impulses from the AV node?
The purkinje fibres
Stroke volume refers to what?
The volume of blood ejected from the ventricle each beat
Erythropoietin stimulates…
Production of erythrocytes
Structure of The fibrous pericardium
- anchors the heart
- is made up of dense and connective tissue
- prevents the heart from overfilling
What are 2 functions of the respiratory system?
- external gas exchange of 02 and C02
- voice production
(Aids venous and lymph return
pH regulation
sense of smell)
