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Nursing Science EXAM 2 > Week 4 - Components Of Blood > Flashcards

Week 4 - Components Of Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What type of blood component rapidly responded to tissue destruction by bacteria - phagocytosis and chemicals?

A

Neutrophil

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2
Q

What type of white blood cell is capable of phagocytosis and develops into macrophage?

A

Monocyte

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3
Q

What type of blood component attacks parasites in tissues and also reduce effects of histamine and other inflammatory agents?

A

Eosinophils

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4
Q

What type of blood component releases histamine which is a factor involved in inflammatory and allergic reactions?

A

Basophils

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5
Q

What type of blood component are cells that can develop into all types of blood cells?

A

Stem cells

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6
Q

What type of blood component contains haemoglobin and function in oxygen transport?

A

Red blood cells

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7
Q

What type of blood component is an immature Red blood cell that is released from the red bone marrow and they develop into mature red blood cells?

A

Reticulocytes

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8
Q

What type of blood component is a cell fragment that contains clotting factors?

A

Platelets

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9
Q

What type of blood component is a hormone made by the kidney in response to low oxygen levels in blood stimulates and the production of Red blood cells in bones?

A

Erythropoietin

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10
Q

What type of blood component is the percentage of the total blood volume that is occupied by red blood cells?

A

Haematocrit

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11
Q

What are the 3 functions of blood?

A
  • transport
  • regulation
  • protection
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12
Q

Describe transport

A
  • Transport of O2 and C02 to and from tissues,
  • nutrients from GI tract to tissue,
  • waste products from cells to kidneys,
  • hormones from endocrine glands to target organs
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13
Q

Describe regulation

A

Of pH blood buffers, body temperature, water content via ions and proteins

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14
Q

Describe protection

A

By haemostasis to prevent excessive blood loss, White blood cells and antibodies against pathogens

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15
Q

What hormone is responsible for red blood cell production? (Erythropoiesis)

A

Erythropoietin (EPO)

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16
Q

What are 3 situations where red blood cell production would increase

A
  • excessive blood loss
  • inadequate RBC production or Hb deficiency
  • Hypoxaemia (caused by infection, respiratory conditions, low altitude)
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17
Q

Types of white blood cells

A
  • Neutrophils
  • lymphocytes
  • monocytes
  • macrophages
  • Eosinophils
  • basophils
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18
Q

Location of neutrophils

A
  • highly mobile and able to easily access tissue

- normally found in blood

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19
Q

Function of neutrophils

A
  • most abundant type of granulocyte (make up 40-70% of total WBC)
  • phagocytose particles and pathogens
  • respond aggressively to bacteria
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20
Q

Location of lymphocytes

A

Found in the lymphatic system and lymphoid tissue

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21
Q

Function of the lymphocytes

A
  • include natural killer cells, T cells and B cells
  • identify and coordinate an immune response to antigens and produce antibodies
  • attack tumours and vitally infected cells
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22
Q

Location of monocytes

A

Produced in bone marrow and remain monocytes in the blood for only a short duration before migrating to tissue

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23
Q

Function of monocytes

A
  • largest type of WBC
  • differentiate into macrophages and dendritic cells
  • act as phagocytes, produce cytokines and are involved in antigen presentation
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24
Q

Location of macrophages

A

Circulating in the blood as free-wondering macrophages or fixed in specific tissue sites

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25
Q

Function of macrophages

A
  • Specialised in detection, phagocytosis and destruction of pathogens
  • also, antigen presenting cell
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26
Q

Location of eosinophils

A

Primarily in the gut and adipose tissue, thymus and bone marrow

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27
Q

Function of the eosinophils

A
  • combat parasites and helminths

- also involved in allergic responses

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28
Q

Location of basophils

A

Primarily in the blood

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29
Q

Function of basophils

A
  • least common type of granulocyte
  • key role in inflammatory reactions
  • contain heparin and histamine
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30
Q

What is Haemostasis?

A

Process to prevent and slow bleeding from an injured blood vessel

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31
Q

What are the three stages of haemostasis?

A
  • Vascular spasm
  • platelet plug formation
  • coagulation
32
Q

Function of vascular spasm

A

Narrowing of the blood vessels helps to restrict blood flow and prevent blood loss

33
Q

Function of platelet plug formation

A

Seals the damaged area in the blood vessel temporarily to prevent blood loss

(Stick together forming a temporary seal to reduce blood loss)

34
Q

Function of coagulation

A

Formation of a stable clot (liquid to gel) to secure the platelet plug and prevent blood loss. It enables time for tissue to repair
- clotting factors are activated

35
Q

What is the clotting factor ?

A

Inactive blood proteins which quickly become active enzymes when needed

36
Q

Why do clotting factors circulate in an inactive form? Why not make them once the vessel is damaged?

A

Clotting factors cannot circulate in an active form because they would cause unwanted coagulation and blood clots. Having them readily available in an inactive form allows coagulation to process more rapidly than if they were produced at the time of need

37
Q

State 3 functions of platelets

A
  • form a platelet plug by recruiting or aggregating additional platelets
  • platelets release chemicals which increase vasoconstriction
  • can initiate the intrinsic pathway of coagulation
38
Q

Which condition is more likely to be caused by venous stasis?

A

Thrombosis

39
Q

The production of red blood cells increase when there is high levels of what in the blood?

A

Erythropoietin

40
Q

The phagocytic white blood cells that usually greatly increase in number and the first to arrive at the site during bacterial infections are called..

A

Neutrophils

41
Q

True or false: transport of lymph is a function of blood

42
Q

The white blood cells which release histamine to intensify the immune response are called…

43
Q

A low platelet count may cause

A

Excess bleeding

44
Q

The total volume of blood for an adult male is …

45
Q

What is the normal pH of the blood?

46
Q

The main components of blood are..

A
  • platelets
  • red blood cells
  • plasma
  • white blood cells
47
Q

The total blood volume of the average female is…

48
Q

True or false: blood produce stem cells

49
Q

Many types of blood cells are produced in the:

A

Red bone marrow

50
Q

Heme is broken down into what pigment, which is excreted in bile?

51
Q

Which types of white blood cells play a major role in immunity to infectious diseases?

A

Lymphocytes

52
Q

What 2 WBC are the most proficient at phagocytosis in the tissues?

A
  • Neutrophils

- Monocytes

53
Q

What is thrombocytes involved in?

A

Blood clotting

54
Q

What is the major ingredient in Haemoglobin that allows oxygen to be transported?

55
Q

What is erythropoiesis the formation of?

A

Red blood cells

56
Q

True or false: oxygen deficiency increases leukocyte numbers by increasing the secretion of erythropoietin by the kidneys?

57
Q

True or false: the lifespan of circulating red blood cells is about a year

58
Q

True or false: when haemoglobin is broken down into iron and bilirubin, the iron is returned to the bone marrow and the bilirubin is excreted by the kidneys

59
Q

True or false: haematocrit includes red blood cells, white blood cells, and soluble proteins from the plasma

60
Q

True or false: the shape of a red blood cell increases its surface area

61
Q

True or false: one of the reasons that red blood cells are so efficient in carrying oxygen is that one haemoglobin molecule can carry two oxygen atoms

62
Q

True or false: one of the functions of basophils is to protect the body from parasitic worms

63
Q

True or false: another term for plasma is Interstitial fluid

64
Q

True or false: platelets are important for blood clotting and Hemostasis

65
Q

True or false: Baroreceptors are sensitive to changes in the oxygen content of the blood

66
Q

Where are 2 very important Baroreceptors located?

A
  • aorta

- carotid artery

67
Q

True or false: haemostasis is the process that slows an stops bleeding when a vessel is injured

68
Q

What are the cells that can develop into all types of blood cells?

A

Stem cells

69
Q

What hormone is made by the kidney in response to low oxygen levels in blood that stimulates the production of red blood cells in bones?

A

Erythropoietin

70
Q

What is the percentage of total blood volume occupied by red blood cells?

A

Haematocrit

71
Q

What is the WBC that has cell fragments that contain clotting factors?

72
Q

What WBC rapidly responds to tissue destruction by bacteria engulfing bacteria by phagocytosis and destroying it with chemicals?

A

Neutrophils

73
Q

What develops into mature red blood cells? They are immature RBC released by the bone marrow

A

Reticulocytes

74
Q

What WBC attacks parasites in tissues and also reduce effects of histamine and other inflammatory agents?

A

Eosinophils

75
Q

What contains haemoglobin and function in oxygen transport?

A

Red blood cells

Nursing Science EXAM 2 (10 decks)

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