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Nursing Science EXAM 2 > Week 1 - Senses > Flashcards

Week 1 - Senses Flashcards

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1
Q

How does refraction contribute to the formation of a clear image on the retina?

A

Involves bending of light rays by cornea and lens to focus an image on the retina (central fovea)

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2
Q

How does accommodation contribute to the formation of a clear image on the retina?

A

Involves changing the shape of the lens to focus light rays on the retina

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3
Q

How does pupil constriction contribute to the formation of a clear image on the retina?

A

Constriction of smooth muscle in the iris changes the pupil diameter to control light entering the eye and prevent light scattering around the retina

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4
Q

How does convergence contribute to the formation of a clear image on the retina?

A

Medial movement of the eyeballs to allow focus of image on the retina

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5
Q

Difference between RODS and CONES in the transduction of light into electrical signals

A

RODS

  • only one type of rhodopsin (allows for black and white vision)
  • low visual acuity (outline of shapes only)
  • more numerous (120 million)
  • rod shaped

CONES

  • three different types of rhodopsin (allows for coloured vision)
  • high visual acuity
  • less numerous (6 million) (present in only fovea centralis)
  • cone shaped
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6
Q

Name the Ossicles (tiny bones of the middle ear) from SUPERFICIAL to DEEP

A
  1. Malleus
  2. Incus
  3. Stapes
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7
Q

Which 2 structures does the stapes connect?

A

Incus and oval window

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8
Q

Structures of the inner ear

A
  • Semi-circular canals
  • Vestibule
  • Cochlea
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9
Q

Where are high pitched (higher frequency) sounds detected?

A

Base of the Cochlea

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10
Q

Where are low pitched (lower frequency) sounds detected?

A

Apex of the Cochlea

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11
Q

Each section of the ——— membrane is tuned for a specific pitch

A

Basilar

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12
Q

The vestibule is responsible for ——— equilibrium

A

Static

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13
Q

The semi-circular canals are responsible for ——— equilibrium

A

Dynamic

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14
Q

Name the accessory functions of the eye

A
  • eyelids
  • eyelashes
  • eyebrows
  • lacrimal apparatus
  • extrinsic eye muscles
  • conjunctiva
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15
Q

Function of eyelids

A
  • shield and protect the eyeball from mechanical injury and drying out
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16
Q

Function of eyelashes

A
  • protect the eye from airborne dirt, dust and irritants to the eye
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17
Q

Function of the eyebrows

A
  • protect the eye from moisture to maintain sight
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18
Q

Function of the lacrimal apparatus

A
  • produce tears to protect the eyeball and cornea through moisture and antibodies against infection. Contains lysozyme to kill pathogens
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19
Q

Function of the extrinsic eye muscles

A

Control movement of the eyeball and superior palpebra (eyelid)

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20
Q

Name the 3 tunics of the eye

A
  • Fibrous
  • Vascular/uvea
  • Neural/Sensory
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21
Q

Structures involved in the Fibrous Tunic

A
  • Sclera

- Cornea

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22
Q

Function of the Sclera

A

Fibrous, and provides support for the eyeball, helping it keep its shape. It is a tough protective covering, and the muscles that control eye movement are connected to it

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23
Q

Function of the cornea

A
  • Refracts 75% of light for focus
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24
Q

What are the structures involved for the Vascular tunic?

A
  • Choroid
  • Ciliary body
  • Iris
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25
Q

Function of the Choroid

A
  • Accounts for 85% of blood flow in the eye

- supplies 02, nutrients, removes waste

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26
Q

Function of the Ciliary body

A

Muscle which changes the shape of the lens when your eyes focus on a near object

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27
Q

Function of the iris

A

Coloured part of the eye to control amount of light entering by changing the diameter of the pupil

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28
Q

Structure involved in the Neural/sensory tunic

A

Retina

29
Q

Function of the retina

A

Layer of photoreceptors which change light into electrochemical signals that are transmitted to the CNS

30
Q

How do photoreceptors convert light into electrical impulses?

A

Process called phototransduction

31
Q

How does phototransduction work?

A

Involves the sequential activation of a series of signalling proteins, leading to the eventual opening or closing of ion channels in the photoreceptor cell membrane

32
Q

As they extend from the retina to the brain, nerve fibres

A

From the nasal half of each retina cross to reach the opposite visual cortex

33
Q

Constriction of the pupil is brought about by constriction of the

A

Circular muscle of the iris

34
Q

During accommodation for near vision, the lens

A

Increases in curvature

35
Q

In humans, itch eyes focus on only one set of objects. This is called

A

Binocular vision

36
Q

Intraocular pressure is primarily due to the

A

Aqueous humor

37
Q

Most of the refraction of light entering the eye occurs at the..

A

Cornea

38
Q

The Anterior cavity contains

A

Aqueous humor

39
Q

The blind spot is the area where

A

The optic nerve exits the eye

40
Q

The point of greatest visual acuity is the..

A

Central fovea

41
Q

The white of the eye, which gives shape to the eyeball, makes it more rigid, and protects its inner parts is the

A

Sclera

42
Q

When entering a dark room on a sunny day, it takes some time to be able to see because

A

It takes time for the retina to rebuild its rhodopsin

43
Q

Which cranial nerve carries visual impulses to the brain?

A

Cranial nerve II (2)

44
Q

Endolymph is found within the..

A

Cochlear duct

45
Q

Nerve fibres that synapse with hair cells in the organ of Corti unite to form part of the —— nerve

A

Vestibulocochlear

46
Q

Sound waves are translated into nerve impulses in the

A

Cochlea

47
Q

The Neural receptors for the sense of hearing are located in the

A

Inner ear

48
Q

The oval window connects to the

A

Stapes

49
Q

What helps to maintain proper air pressure in the middle ear?

A

Eustachian tube

50
Q

Correct pathway leading to the perception of sound?

A
  • tympanic membrane
  • ossicles
  • perilymph
  • endolymph
  • hair cells
51
Q

Each crista in the semicircular ducts is covered by a gelatinous material called the…

A

Cupula

52
Q

High intensity (loud) sounds can cause deafness because they are most damaging to the

A

Hair cells of the spinal organ of Corti

53
Q

Where does Perilymph fill?

A

The Bony Labyrinth

54
Q

Define equilibrium

A

Equilibrium is the state of being balanced and refers to the position of the head in relation of the body

55
Q

What are the receptor organs for equilibrium called?

A

Vestibular apparatus

56
Q

2 areas of the inner ear

A
  • bony labyrinth

- membranous labyrinth

57
Q

Where is the membranous labyrinth located?

A

Within the bony labyrinth

58
Q

What do the perilymph and the endolymph do?

A

Conduct sound vibrations and respond to mechanical forces occurring during changes in body position and acceleration

59
Q

Where is the Malleus (in the middle ear) attached to

A

Tympanic membrane

60
Q

External ear structures

A
  • Auricle (or pinna)
  • external auditory canal
  • tympanic membrane (eardrum)
61
Q

Function of the Auricle (Pinna)

A
  • directs sound waves towards the tympanic membrane
62
Q

Function of the external auditory canal

A
  • ceruminous glands produce cerumen (earwax)

- cerumen lubricates and protects the external canal

63
Q

Function of the tympanic membrane

A

Sound waves vibrate the tympanic membrane and transfers that energy to the ossicles

64
Q

2 age related changes to the ear

A
  • Tinnitus (ringing in the air often associated with nerve degeneration, infection, side effect of some meds)
  • Vestibular imbalance (also occurs more frequently in the elderly due to loss of receptor cells (hair cells))
65
Q

2 cavities of the interior eyeball

A
  • Anterior cavity

- Posterior cavity

66
Q

How many chambers does the anterior cavity have?

A
  • anterior chamber (between cornea and iris)

- posterior chamber (between iris and lens)

67
Q

3 pairs of cranial nerves involved in the eye

A
  • Oculomotor (III)
  • Abducens (VI)
  • Trochlear (IV)
68
Q

Age related changes to the eye

A
  • lens loses some of its elasticity
  • sclera thickens and changes colour
  • iris fades or develops irregular pigments
  • iris muscles weaken causing slower pupillary
    reactions resulting in slower adaptation to darkened areas, SO increased risk of falls
  • decreased tear production resulting in dry eyes
  • sharpness of vision decreases, colour and depth perception are reduced

Nursing Science EXAM 2 (10 decks)

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