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Nursing Science EXAM 2 > Week 1 - Senses > Flashcards

Week 1 - Senses Flashcards

1
Q

How does refraction contribute to the formation of a clear image on the retina?

A

Involves bending of light rays by cornea and lens to focus an image on the retina (central fovea)

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2
Q

How does accommodation contribute to the formation of a clear image on the retina?

A

Involves changing the shape of the lens to focus light rays on the retina

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3
Q

How does pupil constriction contribute to the formation of a clear image on the retina?

A

Constriction of smooth muscle in the iris changes the pupil diameter to control light entering the eye and prevent light scattering around the retina

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4
Q

How does convergence contribute to the formation of a clear image on the retina?

A

Medial movement of the eyeballs to allow focus of image on the retina

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5
Q

Difference between RODS and CONES in the transduction of light into electrical signals

A

RODS

  • only one type of rhodopsin (allows for black and white vision)
  • low visual acuity (outline of shapes only)
  • more numerous (120 million)
  • rod shaped

CONES

  • three different types of rhodopsin (allows for coloured vision)
  • high visual acuity
  • less numerous (6 million) (present in only fovea centralis)
  • cone shaped
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6
Q

Name the Ossicles (tiny bones of the middle ear) from SUPERFICIAL to DEEP

A
  1. Malleus
  2. Incus
  3. Stapes
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7
Q

Which 2 structures does the stapes connect?

A

Incus and oval window

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8
Q

Structures of the inner ear

A
  • Semi-circular canals
  • Vestibule
  • Cochlea
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9
Q

Where are high pitched (higher frequency) sounds detected?

A

Base of the Cochlea

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10
Q

Where are low pitched (lower frequency) sounds detected?

A

Apex of the Cochlea

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11
Q

Each section of the ——— membrane is tuned for a specific pitch

A

Basilar

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12
Q

The vestibule is responsible for ——— equilibrium

A

Static

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13
Q

The semi-circular canals are responsible for ——— equilibrium

A

Dynamic

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14
Q

Name the accessory functions of the eye

A
  • eyelids
  • eyelashes
  • eyebrows
  • lacrimal apparatus
  • extrinsic eye muscles
  • conjunctiva
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15
Q

Function of eyelids

A
  • shield and protect the eyeball from mechanical injury and drying out
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16
Q

Function of eyelashes

A
  • protect the eye from airborne dirt, dust and irritants to the eye
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17
Q

Function of the eyebrows

A
  • protect the eye from moisture to maintain sight
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18
Q

Function of the lacrimal apparatus

A
  • produce tears to protect the eyeball and cornea through moisture and antibodies against infection. Contains lysozyme to kill pathogens
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19
Q

Function of the extrinsic eye muscles

A

Control movement of the eyeball and superior palpebra (eyelid)

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20
Q

Name the 3 tunics of the eye

A
  • Fibrous
  • Vascular/uvea
  • Neural/Sensory
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21
Q

Structures involved in the Fibrous Tunic

A
  • Sclera

- Cornea

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22
Q

Function of the Sclera

A

Fibrous, and provides support for the eyeball, helping it keep its shape. It is a tough protective covering, and the muscles that control eye movement are connected to it

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23
Q

Function of the cornea

A
  • Refracts 75% of light for focus
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24
Q

What are the structures involved for the Vascular tunic?

A
  • Choroid
  • Ciliary body
  • Iris
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25
Function of the Choroid
- Accounts for 85% of blood flow in the eye | - supplies 02, nutrients, removes waste
26
Function of the Ciliary body
Muscle which changes the shape of the lens when your eyes focus on a near object
27
Function of the iris
Coloured part of the eye to control amount of light entering by changing the diameter of the pupil
28
Structure involved in the Neural/sensory tunic
Retina
29
Function of the retina
Layer of photoreceptors which change light into electrochemical signals that are transmitted to the CNS
30
How do photoreceptors convert light into electrical impulses?
Process called phototransduction
31
How does phototransduction work?
Involves the sequential activation of a series of signalling proteins, leading to the eventual opening or closing of ion channels in the photoreceptor cell membrane
32
As they extend from the retina to the brain, nerve fibres
From the nasal half of each retina cross to reach the opposite visual cortex
33
Constriction of the pupil is brought about by constriction of the
Circular muscle of the iris
34
During accommodation for near vision, the lens
Increases in curvature
35
In humans, itch eyes focus on only one set of objects. This is called
Binocular vision
36
Intraocular pressure is primarily due to the
Aqueous humor
37
Most of the refraction of light entering the eye occurs at the..
Cornea
38
The Anterior cavity contains
Aqueous humor
39
The blind spot is the area where
The optic nerve exits the eye
40
The point of greatest visual acuity is the..
Central fovea
41
The white of the eye, which gives shape to the eyeball, makes it more rigid, and protects its inner parts is the
Sclera
42
When entering a dark room on a sunny day, it takes some time to be able to see because
It takes time for the retina to rebuild its rhodopsin
43
Which cranial nerve carries visual impulses to the brain?
Cranial nerve II (2)
44
Endolymph is found within the..
Cochlear duct
45
Nerve fibres that synapse with hair cells in the organ of Corti unite to form part of the —— nerve
Vestibulocochlear
46
Sound waves are translated into nerve impulses in the
Cochlea
47
The Neural receptors for the sense of hearing are located in the
Inner ear
48
The oval window connects to the
Stapes
49
What helps to maintain proper air pressure in the middle ear?
Eustachian tube
50
Correct pathway leading to the perception of sound?
- tympanic membrane - ossicles - perilymph - endolymph - hair cells
51
Each crista in the semicircular ducts is covered by a gelatinous material called the...
Cupula
52
High intensity (loud) sounds can cause deafness because they are most damaging to the
Hair cells of the spinal organ of Corti
53
Where does Perilymph fill?
The Bony Labyrinth
54
Define equilibrium
Equilibrium is the state of being balanced and refers to the position of the head in relation of the body
55
What are the receptor organs for equilibrium called?
Vestibular apparatus
56
2 areas of the inner ear
- bony labyrinth | - membranous labyrinth
57
Where is the membranous labyrinth located?
Within the bony labyrinth
58
What do the perilymph and the endolymph do?
Conduct sound vibrations and respond to mechanical forces occurring during changes in body position and acceleration
59
Where is the Malleus (in the middle ear) attached to
Tympanic membrane
60
External ear structures
- Auricle (or pinna) - external auditory canal - tympanic membrane (eardrum)
61
Function of the Auricle (Pinna)
- directs sound waves towards the tympanic membrane
62
Function of the external auditory canal
- ceruminous glands produce cerumen (earwax) | - cerumen lubricates and protects the external canal
63
Function of the tympanic membrane
Sound waves vibrate the tympanic membrane and transfers that energy to the ossicles
64
2 age related changes to the ear
- Tinnitus (ringing in the air often associated with nerve degeneration, infection, side effect of some meds) - Vestibular imbalance (also occurs more frequently in the elderly due to loss of receptor cells (hair cells))
65
2 cavities of the interior eyeball
- Anterior cavity | - Posterior cavity
66
How many chambers does the anterior cavity have?
- anterior chamber (between cornea and iris) | - posterior chamber (between iris and lens)
67
3 pairs of cranial nerves involved in the eye
- Oculomotor (III) - Abducens (VI) - Trochlear (IV)
68
Age related changes to the eye
- lens loses some of its elasticity - sclera thickens and changes colour - iris fades or develops irregular pigments - iris muscles weaken causing slower pupillary reactions resulting in slower adaptation to darkened areas, SO increased risk of falls - decreased tear production resulting in dry eyes - sharpness of vision decreases, colour and depth perception are reduced

Nursing Science EXAM 2 (10 decks)

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