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2) Neuro > Week 7: Thalamus, Basal Ganglia, & Cerebellum > Flashcards

Week 7: Thalamus, Basal Ganglia, & Cerebellum Flashcards

1
Q

Fxn of Hypothalamus

A

Regulates thirst, hunger, body temp, & other survival physiologic fxns

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2
Q

What is the epithalamus responsible for?

A

Circadian rhythms

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3
Q

What makes up the epithalamus?

A

Pineal gland & habenular nuclei

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4
Q

Pineal gland fxn

A

Hormones for circadian rhythms & melatonin

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5
Q

Habenular nuclei fxn

A

Circadian rhythms & works w/the basal ganglia; Also plays a part w/social & cognitive fxning

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6
Q

Intermedullary Lamina

A

Sheath that divides the mammillary bodies into thirds

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7
Q

What arteries supply the thalamus?

A

Posterior Cerebral Artery & Posterior Communicating Artery

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8
Q

What arteries supply the diencephalon?

A

Posterior & Middle Cerebral Arteries

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9
Q

What artery supplies the basal ganglia?

A

Circle of Willis–>Middle Cerebral Artery

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10
Q

What percentage are the different thalamic connections?

A
  • 75% projection neurons

* 25% interneurons to the 12 nuclei

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11
Q

What is thalamic pain syndrome?

A

Pt feels burning & itching bc the thalamus can’t regulate what inputs are going to the cortex

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12
Q

Fxn of the striatum

A
  • Motor control, behavioral, emotional, & executive fxn

* Eye movements via occulomotor loop

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13
Q

Fxn of GPE & GPI

A

Motor control & grading of force

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14
Q

Damage to the subthalamic nuclei causes what?

A

Huntington’s Chorea & dystonia

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15
Q

Damage to the substantia nigra causes what?

A

PD

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16
Q

What structures makes up the lenticular nucleus?

A

Putamen, GPI, & GPE

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17
Q

What structures makes up the lenticular nucleus?

A

Putamen, GPI, & GPE

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18
Q

Caudate structurally follows the same path as what?

A

The lateral ventricles

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19
Q

Explain the direct circuit of the basal ganglia

A

1) Motor cortex sends excitatory signals to the striatum–>Caused by the release of glutamate
2) Putamen sends inhibitory signals to the GPI, which ultimately excites the thalamus–>Caused by GABA & dopamine
3) Thalamus sends excitatory signals to the motor cortex
4) Movement is produced via the corticospinal tract

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20
Q

What is the overall effect of the direct circuit

A

Excitation of the thalamus to the motor cortex

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21
Q

Explain the indirect circuit of the basal ganglia

A

1) Motor cortex sends excitatory signals to the striatum
2) Putamen sends inhibitory signals to the GPE
3) GPE sends inhibitory signals to the subthalamus
4) Subthalamus sends excitatory signals to the GPI to tell it to work harder
5) GPI suppresses the thalamus
6) Thalamus sends inhibitory signals to the motor cortex

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22
Q

What is the overall effect of the direct circuit of the basal ganglia

A

Decreased excitation of the thalamus to the motor cortex, causing less movement

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23
Q

What do D1 receptors do?

A

Inhibit the GPI to excite the thalamus

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24
Q

What do D2 receptors do?

A

Cause inhibition in the indirect pathway

25
Where is the nucleus accumbens & what does it do?
* Where the head of the caudate & anterior putamen meet | * Collection of GABA inhibitory neurons that connect w/the GP & substantia nigra
26
Positive Signs
Involuntary muscle contractions
27
Negative Signs
Absence of something that should be there
28
Dyskinesia
Involuntary movement during voluntary action
29
Dystonia
Involuntary sustained muscle contractions
30
Athetosis
Writhing movements *Caused by damage to the striatum
31
Ballism
Fast movements of whole limbs *Caused by damage to contralateral subthalamic nuclei
32
Bradykinesia
Slow movements
33
Hypokinesia/Akinesia
Few/no movements *Caused by too little dopamine
34
Lead Pipe Rigidity
Constant rigidity
35
Cog-wheel Rigidity
Jerky resistance
36
What is the tx for PD & what is the problem with it?
L-Dopa *PD is progressive so pt's start to rely on L-dopa but it has a lot of side effects
37
What are the 2 types of dystonias & explain them
Genetic Dystonia-Focal, involuntary sustained contractions Acquired Dystonia-Overuse; Happens to musicians
38
Sx's of dystonia
Cramping, movement decomposition, & decr isolation of digits
39
Deep nuclei of the cerebellum
Dentate Emboliform Globose Fastigial
40
Fxn of superior cerebellar peduncle
* Efferent pathways from cerebellum to the red nucleus & thalamus * Afferents from ventral spinocerebellar pathway
41
Fxn of inferior cerebellar peduncle
*Afferents from the spinal cord
42
Lateral hemisphere of the cerebellum controls what part of the body?
Shoulder
43
Fxn of the flocculus
Balance
44
Midline of the cerebellum controls what part of the body?
Trunk
45
3 Layers of the cerebellum
Molecular Layer Purkinje Cell Layer Granular Layer
46
What cells does the molecular layer of the cerebellum contain?
* Stellate cells * Purkinje dendritic tree * Granular cell axons
47
What does the purkinje cell layer of the cerebellum contain?
* Purkinje cell bodies | * Basket cell bodies & axons
48
What does the granular cell layer of the cerebellum contain?
* Granular cell bodies * Golgi cells * Mossy & climbing fibers
49
Folia
Cortical ridges that give the cerebellar cortex its distinct texture
50
Describe fiber alignment of the cerebellum
Like a grid
51
Basket cells
Axon encases the soma of purkinje cell
52
Where do climbing fibers come from & where do they go to?
Come from the inferior olivary nuclei & go to purkinje cells
53
What do mossy fibers connect w/?
Granular cells
54
What are the differences between PD & huntingtons?
PD-Degeneration of the substantia nigra & PPN causing inhibition of the reticulospinal & vestibulospinal tracts HD-Degenerative disease of the striatum & cortex causing disinhibition of the thalamus & PPN
55
What kinds of connections do the superior cerebellar peduncles have?
* Efferent to the red nucleus & thalamus | * Afferents from the ventral spinocerebellar tract
56
What kinds of connection does the middle cerebellar peduncle have?
Afferents from the pontine nuclei
57
What kind of connection does the inferior cerebellar peduncle have?
Afferents from the spinal cord
58
If a pt has damage to the vermis, what would you expect to see?
Dysarthria

2) Neuro (12 decks)

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