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2) Neuro > Week 7: Thalamus, Basal Ganglia, & Cerebellum > Flashcards

Week 7: Thalamus, Basal Ganglia, & Cerebellum Flashcards

1
Q

Fxn of Hypothalamus

A

Regulates thirst, hunger, body temp, & other survival physiologic fxns

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2
Q

What is the epithalamus responsible for?

A

Circadian rhythms

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3
Q

What makes up the epithalamus?

A

Pineal gland & habenular nuclei

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4
Q

Pineal gland fxn

A

Hormones for circadian rhythms & melatonin

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5
Q

Habenular nuclei fxn

A

Circadian rhythms & works w/the basal ganglia; Also plays a part w/social & cognitive fxning

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6
Q

Intermedullary Lamina

A

Sheath that divides the mammillary bodies into thirds

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7
Q

What arteries supply the thalamus?

A

Posterior Cerebral Artery & Posterior Communicating Artery

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8
Q

What arteries supply the diencephalon?

A

Posterior & Middle Cerebral Arteries

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9
Q

What artery supplies the basal ganglia?

A

Circle of Willis–>Middle Cerebral Artery

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10
Q

What percentage are the different thalamic connections?

A
  • 75% projection neurons

* 25% interneurons to the 12 nuclei

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11
Q

What is thalamic pain syndrome?

A

Pt feels burning & itching bc the thalamus can’t regulate what inputs are going to the cortex

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12
Q

Fxn of the striatum

A
  • Motor control, behavioral, emotional, & executive fxn

* Eye movements via occulomotor loop

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13
Q

Fxn of GPE & GPI

A

Motor control & grading of force

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14
Q

Damage to the subthalamic nuclei causes what?

A

Huntington’s Chorea & dystonia

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15
Q

Damage to the substantia nigra causes what?

A

PD

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16
Q

What structures makes up the lenticular nucleus?

A

Putamen, GPI, & GPE

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17
Q

What structures makes up the lenticular nucleus?

A

Putamen, GPI, & GPE

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18
Q

Caudate structurally follows the same path as what?

A

The lateral ventricles

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19
Q

Explain the direct circuit of the basal ganglia

A

1) Motor cortex sends excitatory signals to the striatum–>Caused by the release of glutamate
2) Putamen sends inhibitory signals to the GPI, which ultimately excites the thalamus–>Caused by GABA & dopamine
3) Thalamus sends excitatory signals to the motor cortex
4) Movement is produced via the corticospinal tract

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20
Q

What is the overall effect of the direct circuit

A

Excitation of the thalamus to the motor cortex

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21
Q

Explain the indirect circuit of the basal ganglia

A

1) Motor cortex sends excitatory signals to the striatum
2) Putamen sends inhibitory signals to the GPE
3) GPE sends inhibitory signals to the subthalamus
4) Subthalamus sends excitatory signals to the GPI to tell it to work harder
5) GPI suppresses the thalamus
6) Thalamus sends inhibitory signals to the motor cortex

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22
Q

What is the overall effect of the direct circuit of the basal ganglia

A

Decreased excitation of the thalamus to the motor cortex, causing less movement

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23
Q

What do D1 receptors do?

A

Inhibit the GPI to excite the thalamus

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24
Q

What do D2 receptors do?

A

Cause inhibition in the indirect pathway

25
Q

Where is the nucleus accumbens & what does it do?

A
  • Where the head of the caudate & anterior putamen meet

* Collection of GABA inhibitory neurons that connect w/the GP & substantia nigra

26
Q

Positive Signs

A

Involuntary muscle contractions

27
Q

Negative Signs

A

Absence of something that should be there

28
Q

Dyskinesia

A

Involuntary movement during voluntary action

29
Q

Dystonia

A

Involuntary sustained muscle contractions

30
Q

Athetosis

A

Writhing movements

*Caused by damage to the striatum

31
Q

Ballism

A

Fast movements of whole limbs

*Caused by damage to contralateral subthalamic nuclei

32
Q

Bradykinesia

A

Slow movements

33
Q

Hypokinesia/Akinesia

A

Few/no movements

*Caused by too little dopamine

34
Q

Lead Pipe Rigidity

A

Constant rigidity

35
Q

Cog-wheel Rigidity

A

Jerky resistance

36
Q

What is the tx for PD & what is the problem with it?

A

L-Dopa

*PD is progressive so pt’s start to rely on L-dopa but it has a lot of side effects

37
Q

What are the 2 types of dystonias & explain them

A

Genetic Dystonia-Focal, involuntary sustained contractions

Acquired Dystonia-Overuse; Happens to musicians

38
Q

Sx’s of dystonia

A

Cramping, movement decomposition, & decr isolation of digits

39
Q

Deep nuclei of the cerebellum

A

Dentate
Emboliform
Globose
Fastigial

40
Q

Fxn of superior cerebellar peduncle

A
  • Efferent pathways from cerebellum to the red nucleus & thalamus
  • Afferents from ventral spinocerebellar pathway
41
Q

Fxn of inferior cerebellar peduncle

A

*Afferents from the spinal cord

42
Q

Lateral hemisphere of the cerebellum controls what part of the body?

A

Shoulder

43
Q

Fxn of the flocculus

A

Balance

44
Q

Midline of the cerebellum controls what part of the body?

A

Trunk

45
Q

3 Layers of the cerebellum

A

Molecular Layer
Purkinje Cell Layer
Granular Layer

46
Q

What cells does the molecular layer of the cerebellum contain?

A
  • Stellate cells
  • Purkinje dendritic tree
  • Granular cell axons
47
Q

What does the purkinje cell layer of the cerebellum contain?

A
  • Purkinje cell bodies

* Basket cell bodies & axons

48
Q

What does the granular cell layer of the cerebellum contain?

A
  • Granular cell bodies
  • Golgi cells
  • Mossy & climbing fibers
49
Q

Folia

A

Cortical ridges that give the cerebellar cortex its distinct texture

50
Q

Describe fiber alignment of the cerebellum

A

Like a grid

51
Q

Basket cells

A

Axon encases the soma of purkinje cell

52
Q

Where do climbing fibers come from & where do they go to?

A

Come from the inferior olivary nuclei & go to purkinje cells

53
Q

What do mossy fibers connect w/?

A

Granular cells

54
Q

What are the differences between PD & huntingtons?

A

PD-Degeneration of the substantia nigra & PPN causing inhibition of the reticulospinal & vestibulospinal tracts

HD-Degenerative disease of the striatum & cortex causing disinhibition of the thalamus & PPN

55
Q

What kinds of connections do the superior cerebellar peduncles have?

A
  • Efferent to the red nucleus & thalamus

* Afferents from the ventral spinocerebellar tract

56
Q

What kinds of connection does the middle cerebellar peduncle have?

A

Afferents from the pontine nuclei

57
Q

What kind of connection does the inferior cerebellar peduncle have?

A

Afferents from the spinal cord

58
Q

If a pt has damage to the vermis, what would you expect to see?

A

Dysarthria

2) Neuro (12 decks)

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