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2) Neuro > Week 6: Descending Tracts, Reflexes, & Movement > Flashcards

Week 6: Descending Tracts, Reflexes, & Movement Flashcards

1
Q

What is a UMN?

A

Starts & ends in the CNS

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2
Q

What is a LMN?

A

aka AMN; Synapses w/peripheral nerve

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3
Q

What is feed forward?

A

Anticipatory use of sensory info to prepare for movement (Used to create a motor program)

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4
Q

What is feedback?

A

Use of sensory info during/after movement to make corrections (Alters the motor program)

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5
Q

What is movement decomposition?

A

Segmented movement from a single jt rather than coordinated movement for multiple jt’s

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6
Q

What are 3 things that influence automatic movement routines?

A

Visual Input, Somatosensory Input, & Proprioceptive Input

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7
Q

Loss of visual, somatosensory, or proprioceptive input can cause what?

A

Some degree of movement decomposition

 * Loss of accuracy
 * Timing issues
 * Loss of smoothness/efficiency
 * Can cause the need for conscious control
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8
Q

Other things that effect motor programs

A
  • Intact NS/NS that needs to heal
  • Skeletal muscle integrity & strength
  • CV system
  • Experience w/task
  • Presence of well-learned movement patterns that need to be replaced
  • Motivation (Conscious & unconscious)
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9
Q

Which tracts are for postural/gross movement tracts?

A
  • Tectospinal
  • Medial Reticulospinal
  • Medial Corticospinal
  • Medial Vestibulospinal
  • Lateral Vestibulospinal
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10
Q

Where are the nuclei of postural/gross movement tracts located?

A

Medial spinal cord

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11
Q

What tracts are for fine movement & flexion?

A
  • Lateral Corticospinal
  • Lateral Reticulospinal
  • Rubrospinal
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12
Q

Where are the nuclei of fine movement & flexion tracts located?

A

Lateral spinal cord

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13
Q

Examples of CPG’s

A

Walking, Running, Unicycling

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14
Q

CPG

A

Spinal cord circuitry that generates rhythmic, coordinated, & alternating movements w/minimal cortical input.

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15
Q

Results of UMN damage:

A
  • Paresis/Paralysis
  • Loss of fractionation
  • Abn reflexes
  • Velocity-dependent hypotonia
  • Abn co-contractions–>Spastic CP
  • Abn synergies
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16
Q

Results of LMN damage:

A
  • Flaccid paralysis
  • Atrophy
  • Loss of reflexes
  • Fibrillations
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17
Q

After a pt has a CVA, what side will they have motor & sensory loss?

A

Contralateral to the lesion

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18
Q

Sx’s of ALS

A
  • Paresis
  • Hyper-reflexia
  • Babinski Sign
  • Atrophy
  • Fasciculations
  • Difficulty swallowing, breathing, & speaking bc of CN involvement
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19
Q

Where does ALS cause destruction?

A

UMN’s, brainstem, & LMN’s

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20
Q

Brown-Sequard Syndrome

A

Injury to a hemisection of the SC

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21
Q

Sx’s of Brown-Sequard Syndrome

A
  • Ipsilateral spastic paralysis below level of lesion
  • Ipsilateral disruption of tactile, vibration, & position sense
  • Contralateral destruction of pain & temp 1-2 levels below lesion
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22
Q

Sx’s of Brown-Sequard Syndrome

A
  • Ipsilateral spastic paralysis below level of lesion
  • Ipsilateral disruption of tactile, vibration, & position sense
  • Contralateral destruction of pain & temp 1-2 levels below lesion
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23
Q

Explain crossed extension

A

Opposite side of the body doing opposite motions as a reflex

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24
Q

Explain reciprocal inhibition

A

Inhibitory neurons to an antagonist muscle

*Achieved by interneurons in the spinal cord linking LMN’s into fxnl groups

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25
Q

What is the fxn of the ventral anterior & lateral nuclei?

A

Motor planning & coordination

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26
Q

What is the fxn of the VPL?

A

Body sensation, pain, & temp

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27
Q

What is the fxn of the VPM?

A

Facial sensation, pain, temp, & taste

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28
Q

What is the fxn of the medial geniculate body?

A

Sound localization & perception

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29
Q

What is the fxn of the lateral geniculate body?

A

Coordination of visual signals

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30
Q

What is the fxn of the anterior, dorsal medial, & dorsal lateral nuclei?

A

Limbic system

31
Q

What is the fxn of lateral posterior nuclei?

A

Sensory integration

32
Q

What is the fxn of the pulvinar nuclei?

A

Sensory integration; Possibly visual attention

33
Q

Interlamina Nuclei

A

Located in the Y of the intermedullary lamina

  • Centromedian Nuclei
  • Parafascicular Nuclei
34
Q

What is the fxn of the centromedian nuclei?

A

Arousal & attention

35
Q

What is the fxn of parafascicular nuclei?

A

Damage is linked to epilepsy

36
Q

What tracts would be compromised if a pt had damage to their posterior spinal arteries?

A

Medial Lemniscal

37
Q

What tracts would be compromised if a pt had damage to their anterior spinal arteries?

A

Damage to all other ascending tracts & all descending tracts

38
Q

Fxn of medial vestibulospinal tract

A

Controls neck & upper back muscles bilaterally

*Receives info about head movement & position from the vestibular apparatus in the inner ear

39
Q

Route of medial vestibulospinal tract

A

UMN) Starts in open medulla at the level of the 4th ventricle

  • Splits & descends bilaterally
  • Synapses in cervical & thoracic ventral gray horn

LMN) Goes to neck & upper back muscles

40
Q

Fxn of lateral vestibulospinal tract

A

Helps maintain CoG over BoS when upright

  • Responds to gravity info from the vestibular apparatus
  • Facilitates extension
41
Q

Route of lateral vestibulospinal tract

A

UMN) Starts in open medulla

  • Descends ipsilaterally
  • Synapses in ventral gray horns of T- & L-spine

LMN) Goes to midback, low back, thigh, & calf

42
Q

What is the only postural/gross movement tract to decussate?

A

Tectospinal Tract

43
Q

Fxn of medial corticospinal tract

A

Innervates neck, shoulder, & trunk muscles

44
Q

Route of medial corticospinal tract

A

UMN) Starts in the cortex

  • Travels through the internal capsule & anterior brainstem
  • Descends through the ipsilateral, contralateral, & bilateral spinal cord in the ventral column
  • Synapses in the gray horn at cervical & thoracic levels w/interneurons & AMN’s

LMn) Goes to neck, shoulder, & axial muscles

45
Q

True or False: Muscles that contract bilaterally receive bilateral input from the cortex via the medial corticospinal tract

A

True

46
Q

Fxn of the tectospinal tract

A
  • Assists in head turning to coordinate w/visual & auditory stimuli
  • Postural & gross movement (Cervical/head control)
47
Q

Route of the tectospinal tract

A

UMN) Originates in the superior colliculus

  • Decussates at the level of superior colliculus (midbrain)
  • Descends in the contralateral ventral column
  • Synapses in ventral gray horn in cervical levels

LMN) Goes to C-spine
*Traps & SCM

*Fun Fact: Synapses w/LMN in the same location as the corticobulbar tract

48
Q

Fxn of lateral corticospinal tract

A

Controls voluntary movement & innervates limbs contralaterally

*Fractionates movement by activating inhibitory neurons to prevent unwanted muscles from contracting

49
Q

Route of the lateral corticospinal tract

A

UMN) Starts in the motor planning areas of the primary motor cortex, premotor cortex, & supplmentary motor cortex (Think Homunculus!)

  • Travels through the internal capsule, to the peduncles & anterior pons
  • Decussates in the pyramids at the level of the medulla
  • Travels in the lateral column
  • Synapses in the ventral gray horn at cervical & lumbar levels

LMN) Goes to the muscle of the limbs

*Some fibers decussate again in the spinal cord

50
Q

Fxn of rubrospinal tract

A

Assists w/movement control

51
Q

Route of rubrospinal tract

A

UMN) Starts in red nucleus at the level of the peduncles

  • Decussates at the level of the peduncles
  • Descends in the lateral brainstem tegmentum & lateral column of the spinal cord w/the lateral corticospinal tract
  • Synapses in ventral gray horn in cervical & thoracic levels

LMN) Goes to muscles that extend the wrist & fingers

52
Q

Fxn of lateral reticulospinal tract

A

Facilitates flexors & inhibits extensors; Does the opposite during amb

53
Q

Route of the lateral reticulospinal tract

A

UMN) Starts in the lateral reticular formation

  • Descends in the anterior lateral funiculus
  • Synapses in anterolateral gray horn
54
Q

Fxn of corticobulbar tract

A

Innervates motor cranial nerves for face, tongue, throat, neck, & shoulders

55
Q

Route of corticobulbar tract

A

UMN) Originates in the pre- & primary motor cortex

  • Decussates before inferior colliculi (Neck in closed medulla)
  • Synapses in different locations depending on the fiber’s final destination:
    • Face (CN 5 & 7)=MLF at the level of the pons
    • Tongue (CN12)=MLF of open medulla
    • Neck (CN 11)=Ventral gray horn of C-spine

LMN) Becomes:

 * CN5 to jaw
 * CN7 to eyes & lips
 * CN11 to neck
 * CN12 to tongue
56
Q

Explain simple reflex arcs

A
  • Have minimal descending input

* Stim afferent–>efferent–>ascending for cortical awareness

57
Q

Explain reciprocal reflex patterns

A

Stim afferent–>efferent + reciprocal innervation of contralateral antagonist–>ascending for cortical awareness

58
Q

True or False: CPG’s are under subcortical control

A

True

59
Q

Paresis

A

Partial loss of voluntary motor control

60
Q

Hemiparesis

A

Partial loss of voluntary motor control on one side of the body

61
Q

Paralysis

A

Complete loss of voluntary motor control

62
Q

Spasticity/Hypertonia

A

Velocity dependent incr in stretch reflex w/incr resting muscle tone

63
Q

Rigidity

A

Resistance to passive stretch regardless of speed of force

64
Q

Decerebrate Rigidity

A

UE & LE extension bc of midbrain damage

65
Q

Decorticate Rigidity

A

UE flexion & LE extension bc of damage above the midbrain

66
Q

Hypotonia

A

Low tone due to pervasive brain damage, genetic disorders, or developmental delays

67
Q

What part of the nervous system does the polio virus attack?

A

AMN

68
Q

True or False: CPG’s are linked contralaterally between extremities

A

True

69
Q

Name the thalamic nuclei

A
  • Ventral Anterior & Lateral
  • VPL & VPM
  • Medial & lateral geniculate bodies
  • Anterior, Dorsal Medial, & Dorsal Lateral
  • Lateral Posterior
  • Pulvinar
70
Q

Give an example of the crossed extension response

A

*

71
Q

How does the CPG trigger a stepping response?

A

*

72
Q

Which ascending tracts travel through the VPL of the thalamus?

A

Spinothalamic & Medial Lemniscal Tracts

73
Q

What would be affected by unilateral damage to the corticospinal tract at the level of the medullary pyramids?

A

*

74
Q

A pt presents w/L sided weakness+proprioceptive loss & R sided noci + thermoception. What part of the spinal cord has been damaged?

A

Left aside–>Brown-Sequard Syndrome

2) Neuro (12 decks)

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