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2) Neuro > Week 5: Fxnl Histology & Pain > Flashcards

Week 5: Fxnl Histology & Pain Flashcards

1
Q

Fxn of pyramidal cells

A

Excitatory motor cells

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2
Q

Betz Cells

A

Pyramidal cells in the motor cortex that connect w/AMN’s to produce movement

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3
Q

Fxn of non-pyramidal cells

A

Inhibitory sensory cells

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4
Q

What are the layers of the neocortex & the included cell types?

A

1) Molecular Layer–>Apical dendrites & horizontal axons
2) External Granular Layer–>Pyramidal stellates
3) External Pyramidal Layer–>Pyramidal, Non-pyramidal, & Cortical Efferents
4) Internal Granular Layer–>Stellate, Pyramidal, Intrahemispheric, & Thalamocortical Afferents
5) Internal Pyramidal Layer–>Betz cells & subcortical efferents
6) Polymorphic Layer–>Pyramidals, Fusiforms, & Corticothalamic Efferents

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5
Q

What do association fibers connect?

A

Lobes of one hemisphere (Ipsilateral)

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6
Q

What do commissural fibers connect?

A

Contralateral hemisphere

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7
Q

What does the corpus collosum connect?

A

Contralateral frontal, parietal, & occipital lobes

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8
Q

What does the anterior commisure connect?

A

Temporal lobes & olfactory tracts

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9
Q

Where is the posterior commisure located?

A

Above the collicular bodies

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10
Q

Projection Fibers

A

Connect different levels of the CNS

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11
Q

What creates the internal, external, & extreme capsules?

A

Efferent axons of descending projection fibers

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12
Q

Superior & inferior Occipitofrontal Fasciculi

A

Connects ipsilateral frontal & occipital lobes; Located just above the corpus callosum

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13
Q

Superior Longitudinal Fasciculus

A

Between frontal & occipital lobes

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14
Q

Inferior Longitudinal Fasciciulus

A

Between occipital & temporal lobes

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15
Q

Cingulum

A

Follows the cingulate gyrus

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16
Q

True or False: All parts of the brain connect to the cingulum in some capacity.

A

True

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17
Q

Fornix

A

Connects hippocampal gyrus to the mamillary bodies & septal nuclei

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18
Q

What does the posterior commissure connect?

A

Tectal nuclei for pupillary reflexes

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19
Q

Where is a very common place for damage to occur in stroke pt’s?

A

Internal Capsule

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20
Q

True or False: The internal capsule contains both ascending & descending projection fibers.

A

True

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21
Q

What makes up the anterior limb of the internal capsule?

A

Corticopontine & corticolimbic fibers

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22
Q

What makes up the genu of the internal capsule?

A

Corticobulbar fibers

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23
Q

What makes up the posterior limb of the internal capsule?

A

Corticopontine, Corticospinal, Medial Lemniscal, & Spinothalamic Fibers

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24
Q

What are the primary blood suppliers of the internal capsule?

A
  • MCA
  • ACA
  • Anterior Communicating Artery
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25
Q

Where is the primary vision area?

A

Along the calcarine sulcus

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26
Q

Visual Agnosia

A

Can see, but can’t interpret it

27
Q

Fxn of Primary Somatosensory Area

A

Discriminates shape, texture, or size of objects

28
Q

Fxn of Somatosensory Association Area

A

Stereognosis & tactile/spatial memory

29
Q

Fxn of Visual Association Area

A

Analyzes motion, color, & control of visual fixation

30
Q

Fxn of Primary Auditory Area

A

Conscious discrimination of volume & pitch

31
Q

Fxn of Primary Visual Area

A

Distinguishes intensity of light, shape, size, & location of objects

32
Q

Fxn of Primary Vestibular Area

A

Discriminates among head positions & head movements

33
Q

Fxn of Primary Motor Cortex

A

Controls voluntary movements

34
Q

Fxn of Premotor Area

A

Trunk control + girdle muscles & anticipatory postural adjustments

35
Q

Fxn of Supplementary Motor Area

A

Initiation of movement, orientation, planning, bimanual, & sequential movements

36
Q

Fxn of Broca’s Area

A

Motor programming for speech

37
Q

Fxn of Area Opposite Broca’s

A

Planning of non-verbal communication

38
Q

What happens w/damage to the primary somatosensory area?

A

Loss of tactile localization & conscious proprioception

39
Q

What happens w/damage to the primary auditory area?

A

Loss of sound localization

40
Q

What happens w/damage to the primary visual area?

A

Homonymous Hemianopia

41
Q

What happens w/damage to the primary vestibular area?

A

Change in awareness of head position & movement

42
Q

What happens w/damage to the primary motor cortex?

A
  • Paresis
  • Loss of motor control
  • Spastic dysarthria
43
Q

Spastic Dysarthria

A

Problems w/physical production of speech

44
Q

Fxn of Prefrontal Association Area

A

Goal-oriented behavior & self-awareness

45
Q

Fxn’s of Parietotemporal Association Area

A
  • Sensory integration
  • Problem solving
  • Understanding language
  • Spatial relationships
46
Q

Fxn’s of Limbic Association Area

A
  • Emotion
  • Motivation
  • Personality
  • Processing of memory
47
Q

What happens w/damage to the dorsolateral prefrontal association area?

A

Loss of executive fxn’s & divergent thinking

48
Q

What happens w/damage to the parietotemporal association area in the nondominant hemisphere?

A

Neglect &/or difficulty understanding non-verbal communication

49
Q

What happens w/damage to the limbic association area?

A

Personality & emotional disturbances

50
Q

Neuropathic Pain

A

Change of interpretation of pain signals

51
Q

Atinociception

A

Decr pain impulses

52
Q

Pronociception

A

Incr pain impulses

53
Q

Dyesthesia

A

Not a painful stimulus, just unpleasant

54
Q

Allodynia

A

Sensation of pain to a nonpainful stimulus

55
Q

Hyperalgesia

A

Heightened sensitivity to painful stimuli

56
Q

What does the periaquaductal gray secrete?

A

Endorphins

57
Q

Explain why referred pain happens

A

The nerve from an organ synapses in the same lamina as the nerve for another part of the body & the brain recognizes the info as 1 input

58
Q

Complex Regional Pain Syndrome

A

Impaired sympathetic regulation of blood flow, sweat, & sensitivity so the cortex reorganizes

59
Q

Explain the gate theory of pain

A

Another sensation can block pain transmission

60
Q

Explain stress induced antinociception

A

Stress can trigger brainstem inhibtion of nociception during unusual events

61
Q

Neuroma

A

Tangle in a nerve

62
Q

What can neuropathic pain arise from?

A

Abn neural activity in the PNS, CNS, or dorsal horn

63
Q

Explain ectopic pain

A

Kind of like ectopic foci in the heart

64
Q

Explain ephatic trasmission

A

Non-painful stimulus jumps between 2 adjacent neurons so you perceive touch as pain

2) Neuro (12 decks)

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