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2) Neuro > Week 4: Sensory Receptors & Ascending Spinal Tracts > Flashcards

Week 4: Sensory Receptors & Ascending Spinal Tracts Flashcards

1
Q

Stimuli for the Spinothalamic Tract

A

Temperature, Pain, & Pressure

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2
Q

Types of Receptors for the Spinothalamic Tract

A

Thermo, Noci, & Mechano

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3
Q

Location of Synapse for Spinothalamic Tract

A

Lamina 2

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4
Q

Does the spinothalamic tract decussate, and if so, where?

A

Yes. At the same level it enters the spinal cord

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5
Q

How many neurons does the spinothalamic tract have & what route does it take?

A

1st: Dorsal Horn
2nd: Decussates & goes to the VPL of the thalamus
3rd: VPL of thalamus to sensory cortex & insula

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6
Q

What are the tracts that join w/the spinothalamic tract & their fxns?

Where do these tracts join?

A

Spinoreticular-Pain Awareness
*Synapses in the reticular formation

Spinomesencephalic-Pain Control; Turn head & eyes to pain

  • Carries nociceptive info to the
  • Activates descending tracts that control pain

Spinolimbic-Emotional aspect of pain & transmits slow pain

  • Synapses in the thalamus
  • Eventually projects into areas of the cerebral cortex involved w/emotion–>Effects arousal, withdrawal, autonomic, & affective responses to pain

*These tracts join in the brainstem

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7
Q

Stimuli for Medial Lemniscal Tract/Dorsal Column

A

Descriminative (fine) touch, Pressure, Vibration, Conscious, & Jt/Muscle Receptors

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8
Q

Receptors for the Medial Lemniscal Tract/Dorsal Column

A

Free Nerve Endings, Merkel, Ruffini, Pacinian, & Muscle Spindles

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9
Q

What route does the medial lemniscal tract/dorsal column take?

A

1st: Stim of receptors at the distal end of primary neuron goes to the cell body in the dorsal root ganglion.
* Ascends in the ipsilateral dorsal column
* LE axons synapse w/2nd order neurons in the nucleus gracilis (medial part of dorsal column)
* UE axons synapse w/2nd order neurons in the nucleus cuneatus

2nd: UE in nucleus gracilis; LE in nucleus cuneatus
* Decussate as internal arcuate fibers & then ascent to the VPL of the thalamus as the medial lemniscus

3rd: VPL of thalamus to sensory cortex via thalemocortical radiations

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10
Q

What other area of the body does the medial lemniscal tract receive input from & what nerve does it come from?

A

Face; Trigeminal Nerve

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11
Q

What route does the trigeminal nerve take?

A

1st: Trigeminal ganglion to trigeminal main sensory nucleus
2nd: Trigeminal main sensory nucleus, decussates in the pons & travels in the trigeminal lemniscus to the VPM of the thalamus
3rd: VPM of the thalamus to the cerebral cortex (near the lateral fissure)

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12
Q

Ventral Spinocerebellar Tract

A
  • Transmits info from the thoracolumbar spinal cord
  • 1 of 2 internal feedback tracts–>Monitors activity of spinal interneurons & descending motor signals from the cerebral cortex & brainstem
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13
Q

How many neurons does the ventral spinocerebellar tract have and route do they take?

A

1st: Cell bodies in the lateral & ventral horns in the area of the spinal cord that’s in the area w/the greatest # of neurons

2nd: Axons decussate & ascend in the anterior spinocerebellar tract to the midbrain
* From the midbrain, axons go to the superior cerebellar peduncle–>Decussation occurs again before it enters the cerebellum

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14
Q

How many times does the ventral spinocerebellar tract decussate & why?

A

2; So that each side of the cerebellum gets info from both sides of the body

*Also explains why LE movement is more automatic than UE movement

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15
Q

What is the division of the dorsal spinocerebellar tract?

A

Below T1 & above T1

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16
Q

What route does the dorsal spinocerebellar tract take below T1?

A

1st: Enters at dorsal column to upper lumber/lower thoracic region & synapses in dorsal gray matter (Clarke’s Nucleus)

2nd: Clarke’s Nucleus to inferior cerebellar peduncle to the cerebellar cortex or brainstem to spinal cord
* Actually forms the tract
* Doesn’t decussate

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17
Q

Does the dorsal spinocereballar tract decussate & why?

A

No; Bc if an axon doesn’t decussate, it becomes motor output

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18
Q

What is the name of the section of the dorsal spinocereballar tract above T1?

A

Cuneocerebellar Pathway

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19
Q

What route does the cuneuocerebellar pathway of the dorsal spinocereballar tract take?

A

1st: Begins w/primary afferents from UE’s & upper 1/2 of the body.

2nd: Synapses in the lateral cuneate.
* Travels to the ipsilateral inferior cerebellar peduncle & ends in the cerebellar cortex

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20
Q

Where do 1st order neurons below T1 in the dorsal spinocereballar tract synapse?

A

Dorsal Nucleus of Clarke

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21
Q

Where do 1st order neurons above T1 in the dorsal spinocereballar tract synapse?

A

Lateral Cuneate

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22
Q

Where in the spinal cord do sensory tracts tend to be?

A

On the periphery

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23
Q

Where in the spinal cord do motor tracts tend to be situated?

A

Internally

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24
Q

What are the three major afferent pathways?

A
  1. Spinothalamic
  2. Medial Lemniscal/Posterior Column
  3. Spinocerebellar
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25
Q

What typically makes up 1st order neurons?

A

Receptors/Dendites
Cell Bodies in dorsal root ganglion
Axons in dorsal gray horn

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26
Q

What typically makes up 2nd order neurons?

A

Cell bodies in the spinal cord or brainstem

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27
Q

What typically makes up 3rd order neurons?

A

Cell bodies in the thalamus or ascending tracts

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28
Q

Stimuli for the spinocerebellar tract

A

Tactile, Pressure, Proprioception

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29
Q

Where is the medial lemniscal tract located?

A

Posterior Column

30
Q

What happens to the gracilis in the nucleus gracilis as it ascends through the spinal cord & why?

A

It gets thicker bc more body parts are added to it from distal to proximal

31
Q

What would happen if a pt experiences a medial lemniscal tract injury?

A
  • Diminished sensation, vibration, & jt sense on the ipsilateral side of the lesion
  • Ataxia
32
Q

Would a pt w/a medial lemniscal tract injury lose all of their sensation & why?

A

No: Pt would not lose all of their sensation bc sensations are dupliated in other tracts

33
Q

What would happen to a pt w/spinothalamic tract injury?

A

Contralateral analgesia

34
Q

Where does the ventral spinocerebellar tract decussate?

A

At the level of its entrance into the spinal cord & again at the superior cerebellar peduncle before it enters the cerebellum

35
Q

Which ascending tracts are conscious?

A
  1. Medial Lemniscal Tract/Dorsal Column

2. Spinothalamic Tract

36
Q

How are intrafusal fibers classified?

A

Nucleus Arrangement (Nuclear Bag Fibers & Nuclear Chain Fibers) & Sensory Ending (Primary (Annulosospiral) Endings & Secondary (Flower Spray) Endings

37
Q

Nuclear Bag Fibers

A

Have clump of nuclei in the center

38
Q

Nuclear Chain Fibers

A

Nuclei arrange single-file

39
Q

Primary (Annulosospiral) Endings

A

Wrap around the central region of the intrafusal fiber (1a neurons)

40
Q

Secondary (Flower-Spray) Endings

A

End on nuclear chain fibers adjcent to primary endings (Type 2 Afferents)

41
Q

Explain the GTO

A

*

42
Q

What is the difference between intrafusal & extrafusal fibers?

A

Intrafusal fibers are inside the muscle spindle & extrafusal fibers are muscle fibers outside the spindle.

43
Q

What route will a pain sensation follow from a peripheral receptor to the spinal cord lamina?

A

*

44
Q

What route will a jt sensation follow from a peripheral receptor to the spinal cord lamina?

A

*

45
Q

What route will a texture sensation follow from a peripheral receptor to the spinal cord lamina?

A

*

46
Q

How would a compression fx of a vertebral lamina impact the spinal cord?

A

*

47
Q

Where do peripheral sensation impulses enter the spinal cord?

A

*

48
Q

What does the dorsal root ganglion contain?

A

*

49
Q

Where are most motor neuron cell bodies located? Where are the axons located?

A

*

50
Q

How does cognition impact a muscle spindle to increase or decrease tone?

A

*

51
Q

Interoceptors

A

W/in body tissue

52
Q

Proprioceptors

A

Jt/body position

53
Q

Exteroceptors

A

Encode external stimuli such as sound & light

54
Q

Location of Chemoreceptors & Fxn

A

Arteries–>O2

Medulla–>Hydrogen & O2

Hypothalamus–>Blood Glucose

Tastebuds & Olfactory Epithelium–>Complex Compounds

55
Q

Thermoreceptors

A

Hypothalamus–>Blood Temp

Cutaneous–>Skin Temp

56
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

Aorta, Carotid Sinuses, & Lungs–>Pressure

Veins, Intestines, Bladder, Muscle, Tendon–>Stretch

57
Q

Nociceptors

A

Viscera–>Pressure & Chemical

Arterial Walls–>Pressure & Ischemia

58
Q

Silent Nociceptors

A

Selective to damage or disease

59
Q

How does 2-point discrim work?

A

Its based on the # & location of neurons; Receptor fields vary in size depending on the body part. If the needle is in an area of overlapping fields, pt won’t be sure if its 1 or 2 needles.

60
Q

Muscle Spindle

A

Detects length change in a muscle

61
Q

GTO

A

Detects tension change in a muscle via tension on the tendon

62
Q

Cutaneous Receptors

A

Add to kinesthesia from skin-on-skin contact

63
Q

Jt Receptors

A

In jt capsules to detect positional changes

64
Q

4 Types of Jt Receptors

A

GTO
Pacinian Corpuscles
Ruffini Endings
Free Nerve Endings

65
Q 
Pascinian Corpuscle
    Category
    Structure
    Class
    Stimulus
    Adaptation
A

Category: Encapsulated

Structure: Layered Capsule

Class: 2/AB

Stimulus: Vibration & Proprioception

Adapation: Rapid

66
Q 
Meissner Corpuscles
    Category
    Structure
    Class
    Stimulus
    Adaptation
A

Category: Encapsulated

Structure: Layered Capsule

Class: AB

Stimulus: Touch & Vibration

Adapation: Rapid

67
Q 
Ruffini Endings
    Category
    Structure
    Class
    Stimulus
    Adaptation
A

Category: Encapsulated

Structure: Thin Capsule

Class: AB

Stimulus: Pressure & Skin Stretch

Adapation: Slow

68
Q 
Hair Follicle Endings
    Category
    Structure
    Class
    Stimulus
    Adaptation
A

Category: Non-Capsule

Structure: Accessory

Class: AB

Stimulus: Touch & Pressure

Adapation: Rapid

69
Q 
Merkel Endings
    Category
    Structure
    Class
    Stimulus
    Adaptation
A

Category: Non-Capsule

Structure: Accessory

Class: AB

Stimulus: Touch & Pressure

Adapation: Slow

70
Q 
Free Nerve Endings
    Category
    Structure
    Class
    Stimulus
    Adaptation
A

Category: Non-Capsule

Structure: N/A

Class: AG & C Afferents

Stimulus: Pain, Touch, Temp, & Itch

Adapation: Varies

71
Q

Which peripheral fibers have the largest diameter?

A

Muscle Spindle, GTO’s, & Efferents to muscle spindle

72
Q

Which peripheral fibers have the smallest diameter?

A

Free Nerve Endings, Viscera, & ANS efferents

2) Neuro (12 decks)

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