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2) Neuro > Week 2: Neurons & Embryology > Flashcards

Week 2: Neurons & Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

Unipolar Neuron

A

1 cell process bc the sensory portion of cell is in the soma

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2
Q

Bipolar Neuron

A

2 cell processes; Dendrite tree is outside the soma

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3
Q

Multipolar Neuron

A

2 dendrites that transmit sensory & motor impulses; Makes up most of the CNS & PNS

*Typical neuron that we think of

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4
Q

Pseudopolar Neuron

A

When an axon from a unipolar neuron splits so there’s myelinization on the dendritic side

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5
Q

Nissl Bodies

A

Rough ER

Synthesizes & transports proteins

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6
Q

Neurofibrils, Microfibrils, & Neurotubules

A

Help maintain cell’s shape

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7
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Further processes protein compounds from ribosomes

Packages neurotransmitters to protect them from enzymes in cytoplasm

Packages lysosomes

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8
Q

Mitochondria

A

Converts nutrients to energy

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9
Q

Inclusions

A

Anything w/in the cell

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10
Q

Axon Hillock

A

AP trigger zone

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11
Q

Collateral Axon

A

Splits off the main axon to go to a slightly different target

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12
Q

Telodendria

A

Very ends, right before the terminal buttons

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13
Q

Schwann Cells

A

Myelin in the PNS; Multiple on 1 axon

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14
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Myelin in the CNS; Multiple axons for 1 cell

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15
Q

Glial Cells

A

Scaffolding & support cells & communication facilitators; Also help enhance flow of ECF (nutrient transport) & scar formation

Include astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, & ependymal cells

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16
Q

Astrocytes

A
  • Star-shaped cytoskeletal cells in the CNS

* Provide structural support, form BBB, facilitate nutrient transport, & release glutamate

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17
Q

Protoplasmic Astrocytes

A

Gray Matter

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18
Q

Fibrous Astrocytes

A

White Matter

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19
Q

Radial Astrocytes

A

Guide Development

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20
Q

Microglia

A

Phagocytes

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21
Q

Ependymal Cells

A

Specialized microglia that line the ventricles & CNS cavities

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22
Q

Type of Axoplasmic Transport

A

Anterograde & Retrograde

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23
Q

Anterograde Transport

A

Moves neurotransmitters & other substances from the soma & down the axon towards the pre-synaptic terminal

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24
Q

Retrograde Transport

A

Moves substances from the synapse towards the soma

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25
Q

Resting Membrane Potential

A

-65mV

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26
Q

Depolarization

A

Cell is becoming positively charged

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27
Q

Afferent Transmission

A

Towards the CNS (sensory)

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28
Q

Efferent

A

To the PNS (muscles)

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29
Q

What are the events that lead up to an AP?

A

1) Cell is at RMP. Voltage-gated Na+ & K+ channels are closed.
2) Membrane gets subjected to a stimulus so Na+ channels open & Na+ begins to flow in & the cell starts to become more (+).
3) Threshold. Na+ channels continue to open so inflow of Na+ increases. Cell’s charge is at least -55mV.
4) Interior of the cell continues to become more (+). At this point, the Na+ concentration is almost equal so Na+ channels begin to close.
5) AP. Charge of the neuron is about +30mV.
6) Voltage-gated K+ channels open & K+ begins to flow out of the cell so the neuron is starting to become (-).
7) K+ channels are still open so the cell continues become more negatively charged & the cell hyperpolarizes.

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30
Q

What part of the neuron does GBS effect?

A

Myelin

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31
Q

What are the stages of development in days 1-14?

A

Mature Follicle–>Oocyte–>Fertilized Zygote–>2-cell Stage–>4-cell Stage–>8-cell Stage–>Morula–>Blastocyst

32
Q

What forms during the 2nd-8th week?

A 
Bilaminar Embryo
     Hypoblast
     Epiblast
     Primitive Knot
     Notochord
33
Q

Primitive Knot

A

Directs the movement of the devo of the primitive streak

34
Q

Notochord

A

Becomes the nucleus pulposus

35
Q

What forms on days 16?

A

Ectoderm, Mesoderm, & Endoderm (Trilaminar Layer)

36
Q

What does the ectoderm become?

A

The neural plate, which eventually becomes the epidermis & nervous system

37
Q

What does the mesoderm become?

A

Dermatomes (skin), Myotomes (muscle), & Sclerotome (Axial Skeleton)

38
Q

What does the endoderm become?

A

Smooth muscle in internal organs

39
Q

Neural Plate

A

Where the groove forms

40
Q

What happens on day 18?

A

Neural groove & folds form

41
Q

What happens on day 21?

A

Neural tube starts to form

42
Q

What forms on days 26-28?

A

Scleroderm, Mytomes, & Dermatomes

43
Q

What does the scleroderm become?

A

Axial Skeleton

44
Q

What does the mytome become?

45
Q

What does the dermatome become?

46
Q

Ependymal Layers

A

Line ventricles & secrete CSF

47
Q

Mantle Layers

A

Becomes grey matter

48
Q

Marginal Layers

A

Becomes white matter

49
Q

Sulcus Limitans

A

Imaginary line that separates motor & sensory fxns

50
Q

Dorsal Alar Plate

A

Sensory Fxn

51
Q

Ventral Basal Plate

52
Q

What does the prosencephalon become?

A

Telencephalon & Diencephalon

53
Q

Prosencephalon–>Telencephalon–>?

A

Cerebral hemispheres
Corpus Striatum
Cortex + Medullary Center of White Matter

54
Q

Prosencephalon–>Diencephalon–>?

A

Thalamus, Epithalamus, & Subthalamus

55
Q

What does the mesencephalon become?

56
Q

What does the rhombencephalon become?

A

Metencephalon & Myelencephalon

57
Q

Rhombencephalon–>Metencephalon–>?

A

Pons & Midbrain

58
Q

Rhombencephalon–>Myelencephalon–>?

59
Q

When does prosencephalon development start?

60
Q

Anencephaly

A

Rudimentary brainstem w/out cerebral & cerebellar hemispheres.

“Cephalic neuropore doesn’t close in the 4th wk so development essentially stops at the midbrain level”

61
Q

Arnold-Chiari Deformity

A

Inferior cerebellum & medulla are elongated, protruding into the vertebral canal; Malformation of the medulla & pons happens as well.

62
Q

Spina Bifida

A

Developmental defect when the inferior part of the neural tubes fails to close so vertebral arches don’t fuse

63
Q

CP

A

Motor disorder caused by permanent, nonprogressive damage to the developing brain

64
Q

Tethered-Cord Syndrome

A

End of the spinal cord adheres to one of the lower vertebrae

65
Q

What are the parts of the trilaminar layer?

A

Endoderm, Mesoderm, & Ectoderm

66
Q

What form of spina bifida is associated w/more impairments & why?

A

Myelomeningocele bc the spinal cord is outside of the dural sac.

67
Q

When do we start looking human-ish?

68
Q

Projection Fibers

A

Axons that travel up & down the CNS

69
Q

Association Fibers

A

Axons that connect one lobe or ipsilateral fibers to another

70
Q

Commissural Fibers

A

Axons that run between the hemispheres or contralateral fibers

*Always cross midline

71
Q

Temporal Summation

A

1 nerve sends neurotransmitter that bombards the same dendrite.

72
Q

Meningocele

A

Dural sac extrudes beyond the back; Does not involve spinal nerves

73
Q

Meningomyelocele

A

Portions of the spinal cord get displaced into the extruding dural sack so nerve roots get stretched.

74
Q

Cleft Palate

A

Suture of the palatine bone doesn’t fuse properly in the 6th-12th week

75
Q

Microcephaly

A

Underdevo of brain tissue

76
Q

Myeloschisis

A

Neural tube doesn’t devo so baby will have paralysis-No dural container

77
Q

Plagiocephaly

A

Asymmetrical skull shape

*Flattening on one side will cause overgrowth on the opposite side.

2) Neuro (12 decks)

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