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Infection > week 7 - reproductive infection/HIV > Flashcards

week 7 - reproductive infection/HIV Flashcards

1
Q

are bacterial STI infections curable

A

yes

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2
Q

are viral STI infections curable?

A

no. Can be treated with medication

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3
Q

example of bacterial STI

A

HIV

HEP B

HPV

genital herpes

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4
Q

prevention for HIV

A

Protection
use PrEP
Prompt ART
HIV testing

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5
Q

How can STI’s be spread through contact

A

genital openings
breaks in skin
mucous membrane

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6
Q

How can syphilis be tested

A

blood samples

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7
Q

How do N. gonorrhoeae’s surface pili protect it against the body’s immune system?

A

The surface pili prevent phagocytosis by neutrophils

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8
Q

How does Gonorrhoea attach to host cells

A

Using fimbriae and capsule

release protease enzyme to break down IgA in secretory mucous for protection from host immune systems

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9
Q

How is specimen collected in gonococci in females

A

Vaginal speculum used

swab rubbed in around cervix and withdraw without contamination with vaginal wall

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10
Q

How many stages are there in syphilis

A

4

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11
Q

Is Chlamydia trachomatis a Gram–negative or Gram–Positive bacterium?

A

gram -ve

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12
Q

List 3 symptoms and 3 signs for vulvovaginal candidiasis (thrush)?

A

Symptoms: abnormal discharge, dyspareunia (pain in sex), itch

signs: vulvar oedema, erythema, cottage cheese discharge

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13
Q

List 3 symptoms of chlamydia infection in women?

A

dysuria
itching
abnormal vaginal discharge

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14
Q

List 3 symptoms of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in men?

A

cloudy discharge
dysuria
itching on tip

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15
Q

List 3 symptoms of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in men?

A

Arthritis
Tendosynovitis
Dermatitis
Polyathralgia

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16
Q

what are sexually transmitted infections

A

group of infections that are mainly transmitted via sexual intercourse

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17
Q

The chancre is characteristic of what stage of syphilis?

A

primary

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18
Q

What 2 forms does chlamydia trachomatis take on in its life cycle

A

Elementary body
Reticulate body

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19
Q

What are the effects of untreated chlamydia trachomatis in females

A

infertility
ectopic pregnancy

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20
Q

What are the sources of infections for disseminated gonococcal infections

A

Asymptomatic and symptomatic infections of pharnyx,urethra,cervix

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21
Q

What are the symptoms for females in gonococcal infections

A

Cervicitis
Pelvic inflammatory disease
Bartholinitis

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22
Q

What are the symptoms for males in gonococcal infection

A

Acute inflammation
Painful urination
Purulent discharge

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23
Q

What cells does chlamydia trachomatis infect

A

Columnar epithelial cells

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24
Q

What is a disseminated gonococcal infection

A

systemic infection of N. gonorrhoeae

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25
Q

What is proctitis

A

Inflammation of rectum

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26
Q

What is the Bartholin’s gland duct

A

alveolar glands at opening of vagina for lubrication

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27
Q

What is the feature of Neisseria gonorrhoeae(High yield)

A

diploccoci
paired dots

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28
Q

What is the primary site for urogenital infections in females

A

endocervical canal

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29
Q

What is the transmission for Neisseria gonorrhoeae

A

Direct
Sexual contact
birth - vertical transmission

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30
Q

What type of bacteria is chlamydia trachomatis

A

gram negative

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31
Q

What type of bacteria is chlamydia trachomatis function wise

A

Obligate intracellular

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32
Q

What are 5 P’s for sexual behaviour history taking

A

Partners
Practises
prevention of pregnancy
protection from STD’s
past history of STD

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33
Q

What are clue cells

A

Epithelial cells of vagina that have a distinctive appearance of being covered with bacteria

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34
Q

What are some diseases characterised by genital ulcers

A

Syphilis
Genital ulcers

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35
Q

What are some factors that increase transmission of HIV

A

Ejaculation occuring
Breaches in mucosal barrier
High plasma HIV viral load
non-circumcision

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36
Q

What are some indicator conditions that may suggest HIV

A

Unexplained weight loss
pneumonia
lymphadenopathy
CIN grade II and above

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37
Q

What are some symptoms associated with acute HIV infections

A

flu like symptoms

fever
fatigue
headache
myalgia

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38
Q

What are the 2 species of HIV

A

HIV-1
HIV-2

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39
Q

What are the 3 mechanisms for changing of surface antigens for Pathogenic Neisseria

A

Mutation of individual amino acids
phase variation
horizontal exchange of DNA material

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40
Q

What are the 3 phases of HIV infection

A

Acute seroconversion
Asymptomatic HIV infection
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

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41
Q

What are the bacterial STI pathogens

A

Chlamydia
Gonorrhea
Syphilis

42
Q

what is bartholins gland abscess

A

duct is blocked and causes infection
large cyst on one side
treat w/ ABs or drain (word catheter) or sit baths

43
Q

What are the infectious diseases in pregnancy screening programme

A

HIV
HEP B
Syphilis

44
Q

What are the other modes of transmission for STI’s

A

Needle sharing
blood contact
vertical transmission(mother to child)

45
Q

What are the principles of the NAAT test

A

amplification of copies of genetic material so that the presence of bacteria can be detected

46
Q

What are the routes of transmission for HIV

A

Sexual

Parenteral (needle sharing, needstick injury,blood transfusion)

vertical(mother to child)

47
Q

What are the Viral STI pathogens

A

Herpes
Hepatitis B
Genital warts
HIV/AIDS

48
Q

What can chlamydia infection cause in children

A

eye infection
Blindness
Pneumonia

49
Q

What can occur if bacterial vaginosis is not cured

A

bacteria can spread to the uterus and the fallopian tubes
Transmission to sex partners and newborns
Increased risk for premature births

50
Q

What cells affected in HIV

A

T helper lymphocytes via CD4 receptor

51
Q

what condition is the most common cause of vaginal discharge or malodor

A

Bacterial vaginosis

52
Q

What host defenses does the vagina have

A

Vaginal epithelium has glycogen which is metabolised by lactobacilli to produce lactic acid which inhibits colonization by other organisms

53
Q

What host defenses does the vagina have

A

Vaginal epithelium has glycogen which is metabolised by lactobacilli to produce lactic acid which inhibits colonization by other organisms

54
Q

What identification tests are used for testing Chlamydia

A

Nucleic acid amplification
Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay
direct fluorescent antibody test
Chlamydia cultures

55
Q

What investigations could you use to diagnose N. gonorrhoeae

A

NAAT

56
Q

What is bacterial vaginosis

A

normal H2O2 producing lactobacillus are replaced by high concentrations of anaerobic bacteria

pH>4.5

57
Q

What is bacterial vaginosis associated with

A

multiple male or female partners
new sex partner
douching
receiving oral

58
Q

What is condylomata lata

A

broad based wart like erosion
located in anogenital region

59
Q

What is PrEP

A

Pill that can be taken to protect individual from HIV that offers 100% protection from HIV

60
Q

What is the antibody test used for antigens of Treponema Pallidum (Syphillis)

A

MHA-TP
Microhemagglutination assay

61
Q

What is the gram status of Neisseria Gonorrhoeae

A

gram -ve

62
Q

What is the incubation period of Chlamydia trachomatis

A

10-90 days

63
Q

What is the life cycle of Chlamydia

A

Elementary bodies invade epithelial and transform into reticular bodies

replicate and divide

convert into Elementary bodies and host cell bursts to release

64
Q

What is the organism responsible for vulvovaginal candidiasis?

A

Candida Albicans

65
Q

What is the transmission of syphilis

A

Skin to skin
Contact through mucous membranes
mother-child through placenta

66
Q

What is the treatment available for syphilis

A

single intramuscular injection of medication

67
Q

What is the treatment of bacterial vaginosis

A

oral antibiotics
Suppositories

68
Q

What laboratory technique is used to test for Chlamydia trachomatis

A

NAAT

69
Q

What must organisms do to colonize the vagina

A

have specific mechanisms for attaching to vaginal or cervical mucosa

take advantage of impaired defences or minute local injuries

70
Q

What occur in third stage syphilis

A

Neurosyphilis
Gumma
Blindness
Transmission to sexual partners and newborns
physical damage

71
Q

What occurs in primary syphilis

A

Chancres (lesion) appear on body

72
Q

What occurs in second stage syphilis

A

Condylomata lata
Polymorphic rash
fever,fatigue,myalgia,headache

73
Q

What organism causes bacterial vaginosis

A

Gardnerella vaginalis
Mycoplasma homininis

74
Q

What organism causes syphilis

A

treponema pallidum

75
Q

What swabs and tests for chlamydia in female

A

Endocervical
vulvo-vaginal
urine samples

76
Q

What swabs or tests for chlamydia for males

A

Urethral
urine samples

77
Q

What swabs used for gonorrhoea

A

Cervical
Urethral

78
Q

What type of epithelium cells does Nesseria gonorrhoeae infect

A

columnar epithelial of males and females

79
Q

What type of treatment for HIV

A

Two NRTI and one drug from different class

80
Q

When do symptoms appear for males in gonococcal infections

A

2-7 days

81
Q

When do chancres disappear in syphilis

A

14 days

82
Q

When do the signs for Candidiasis manifest after an infection

A

7-10 days

83
Q

Which gender is disseminated gonococcal infection more common in

A

Females

84
Q

Which HIV species most common

A

HIV-1

85
Q

Which organs are most likely to be involved by fibrosis in congenital syphilis?

A

liver
pancreas
lungs

86
Q

why cant treponema pallidum be detected using gram staining

A

Too small

87
Q

why cant treponema pallidum be detected using gram staining

A

Too small

88
Q

Why is the vagina prone to infections

A

Does not have an effective cleaning mechanism

89
Q

if infection ascends in a female what disease can it cause

A

Pelvic inflammatory diseases

tubi-ovarian abscess

90
Q

if infection ascends in a male what disease can it cause

A

epididymis-orchitis

91
Q

risk factors for thrush

A

diabetes
douching
immunosuppresors

92
Q

what is an elementary body

A

small, rigid wall, infectious product of chlymadia

93
Q

what is a reticulate body

A

large, thin wall, non infectious, replicating product of chlamydia

94
Q

what is used to treat chlamydia

A

doxycycline for 7 days bd dose

azithromycin

95
Q

what is used to treat gonorrhoea

A

ciprofloxacin or ceftriaxone

must test of cure

96
Q

what is used to treat syphilis

A

benzathine penicillin g

97
Q

what does HIV stand for

A

human immunodeficiency virus

98
Q

what does AIDS stand for

A

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

99
Q

how does HIV replicate

A
  • binding, fuse, and reverse transcription
  • integrates into host DNA
    -replicates using host cels making HIVRNA and proteins
    -assembles into virions then buds off
    -after budding turns into mature infectious virus
100
Q

characteristics of HIV 1

A

global
sexual transmission is high
vertical transmission is high
will develop AIDs if untreated

101
Q

characteristics of HIV 2

A

west africa
sexual transmission is lower
vertical transmission lower
doesn’t usually progress to AIDS

Infection (8 decks)

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