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Infection > week 2 - infection/toxins > Flashcards

week 2 - infection/toxins Flashcards

1
Q

antitoxin

A

antibodies that work against specific toxin

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2
Q

How can virulence factors help bacteria?

A

Allow bacteria to invade the host cell

Allow for bacteria to evade host defences

Allow bacteria to cause disease

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3
Q

How do A-B toxins work?

A

-Bacteria produce exotoxin

-B component bind to host cell receptor and exotoxin enter cell

-A component alters cell function and B component released from cell

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4
Q

How do Type 2 toxins lyse host cell?

A

protein channels made in plasma membrane
disruption of phospholipid bilayer

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5
Q

How is cholera contracted?

A

Drinking water or eating food contaminated with V. cholerae

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6
Q

What is Toxemia?

A

Presence of toxin in host’s blood

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7
Q

what is Toxigenicity?

A

Chemicals produced by pathogens that harm tissue/trigger immune response leading to damage

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8
Q

what is Toxoid?

A

Inactivated toxin that is used in a vaccine

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9
Q

characteristic of Clostridium tetani

A

-Rod shaped
-Anaerobic
-gram +ve
-motile (flagellum)

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10
Q

What are endotoxins?

A

toxic substance bound to the bacterial cell wall and released when the bacterium ruptures or disintegrates

gram -ve

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11
Q

What are enterotoxins?

A

protein exotoxin released by a microorganism that targets the intestines.

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12
Q

What are exotoxins?

A

Proteins that cause damage to host that are secreted by the bacteria

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13
Q

What are neurotoxins?

A

toxins that are destructive to nerve tissue

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14
Q

What are symptoms of Toxic shock syndrome?

A

-Fever
-Rash
-Skin peeling
-Hypotension

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15
Q

What are the 2 types of toxins?

A

Exotoxin

Endotoxin

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16
Q

What are the 3 basic bacterial shapes?

A

Cocci
Bacilli
Spiral

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17
Q

What are the 3 classes of toxins?

A

neurotoxin
Enterotoxin
Superantigens

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18
Q

What are superantigens?

A

class of antigens that result in excessive activation of the immune system

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19
Q

What are the 3 forms of Botulism?

A

Food borne
Infant
Wound botulism

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20
Q

what are the 3 types of pathogens?

A

opportunistic
Primary
Zoonotic

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21
Q

What are the 3 ways that exotoxins can cause damage to the cell?

A

-Signalling at host cell membrane(type 1)

-Damage membranes (Type 2)

-Enter target cells and alter function(Type 3)

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22
Q

What are the effects of antibiotics on microflora?

A

Antibiotics whilst destroying harmful bacteria can destroy useful gut bacteria

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23
Q

What are the symptoms of Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome?

A

Fever
Redness
Skin exfoliation

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24
Q

What bacteria release endotoxins?

A

gram -ve bacteria as they have LPS

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25
Q

What class of bacteria is Clostridium tetani?

A

Gram +ve

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26
Q

What does Tetanospasmin inhibit?

A

-Release of inhibitory neurotransmitters

-GABA

-^ of firing rate, muscle spasms/contractions

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27
Q

What does the B subunit of A-B toxin from cholera toxin bind to ?

A

Glycoprotein receptor on cytoplasmic membrane of cell

28
Q

What is a opportunistic pathogen?

A

Microorganism that does not usually cause harm to the host

may cause disease when host resistance to microorganism is low

29
Q

What is a parasite?

A

Organism that lives on or in another organism (Host)

30
Q

What is a primary pathogen?

A

pathogens that cause disease in any healthy host

31
Q

What is an infection?

A

Growth of microorganism in host but may not cause disease

32
Q

characteristics of Clostridia

A

rod-shaped
gram +ve
anaerobic
spore forming

33
Q

What is attenuation?

A

When a pathogens virulence is reduced

34
Q

What is pathogenicity?

A

Ability of microorganism to cause disease

35
Q

What is staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome?

A

proteins in skin breakdown

caused by Staphylococcus aureus

36
Q

What is the hallmark sign of cholera?

A

rice water stool

37
Q

method of action for Tetanospasmin toxin

A

Bind to motor nerves

travels up axon until it reaches body of motor nerve in spinal cord

Toxin migrates and binds to nerve terminals and inhibits secretion of glycine and GABA

Chemical signal to motor nerve intensified

38
Q

What is the method of action for vibrio cholerae?

A

B subunit bind to glycoprotein receptor of cytoplasmic membrane

A subunit cleaved and enter cytoplasm, activates adenylate cyclase which convert ATP to cAMP

cAMP stimulate secretion of electrolytes from cell into intestinal lumen

Water enters lumen leading to water diarrhea

39
Q

What is the pathophysiology of Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome?

A

A-B exotoxin released

epidermal layer detached by break down of desmosomes

40
Q

What is the role of adenylate cyclase?

A

Convert ATP to cAMP

41
Q

What is the tetanus toxin called?

A

Tetanospasmin

42
Q

What is toxic shock syndrome?

A

Condition caused by production of bacteria toxin TSST-1

43
Q

What is vibrio cholerae?

A

Gram -ve
comma shaped
motile (flagellum)

44
Q

What is virulence?

A

degree of pathogenicity

45
Q

What nerves does tetanospasmin bind to ?

A

motor nerves

46
Q

What occurs as a result of A subunit of A-B cholera subunit being cleaved?

A

Enters cytoplasm and activates adenylate cyclase

47
Q

What occurs as a result of B subunit of A-B cholera toxin binding to glycoprotein receptor?

A

A subunit of A-B toxin is cleaved

48
Q

What occurs as a result of inhibitory neurotransmitter released being blocked in tetanus?

A

Chemical signal to muscle intensified and muscle tightens up

49
Q

What organism produces Tetanus toxin?

A

Clostridium tetani

50
Q

What toxin produced in toxic shock syndrome?

A

TSST-1

51
Q

what type of bacteria is clostridia?

A

gram +ve

52
Q

What type of toxin is Botulinum toxin?

A

A-B toxin

53
Q

What type of toxins are A-B toxins?

A

type 3 - Enter target cells and alter function

54
Q

What virulence factors help bacteria?

A

Attachment of bacteria to host
Colonisation of bacteria
invasiveness
toxin production
inhibition of phagocytosis mechanism

55
Q

Where is Clostridium tetani found?

A

Spores in soil or in GI tract of animals

56
Q

Which bacteria is staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome caused by?

A

S. aureus

57
Q

what function of motor neurone does botulinum neurotoxin affect?

A

black Ach neurotransmitter signal in peripheral motor neurons

58
Q

symptoms of botulism

A

muscle weakness,
slurred speech,
paralysis
fatigue

59
Q

where can botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) be used therapeutically?

A

botox

60
Q

symptoms of tetanus

A

stiffness of jaw
painful muscle spasms
high temp/heart rate

61
Q

symptoms of cholera

A

diarrhoea
vomiting
wrinkled skin
dehydration

62
Q

What are the 3 types of hemolysis

A

alpha
beta
gamma

63
Q

routes of infection in the body

A

Skin
Wounds
Animal bites

64
Q

What is treatment for necrotizing fasciitis

A

Antibiotics
surgical debridement (thoroughly cleaning wound using surgical methods)
may need amputation

65
Q

What is necrotizing fasciitis caused by

A

Streptococcus pyogene released exotoxin B

Infection (8 decks)

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