week 2 - infection/toxins

Question 1

antitoxin

Answer 1

antibodies that work against specific toxin

Question 2

How can virulence factors help bacteria?

Answer 2

Allow bacteria to invade the host cell

Allow for bacteria to evade host defences

Allow bacteria to cause disease

Question 3

How do A-B toxins work?

Answer 3

-Bacteria produce exotoxin

-B component bind to host cell receptor and exotoxin enter cell

-A component alters cell function and B component released from cell

Question 4

How do Type 2 toxins lyse host cell?

Answer 4

protein channels made in plasma membrane
disruption of phospholipid bilayer

Question 5

How is cholera contracted?

Answer 5

Drinking water or eating food contaminated with V. cholerae

Question 6

What is Toxemia?

Answer 6

Presence of toxin in host’s blood

Question 7

what is Toxigenicity?

Answer 7

Chemicals produced by pathogens that harm tissue/trigger immune response leading to damage

Question 8

what is Toxoid?

Answer 8

Inactivated toxin that is used in a vaccine

Question 9

characteristic of Clostridium tetani

Answer 9

-Rod shaped
-Anaerobic
-gram +ve
-motile (flagellum)

Question 10

What are endotoxins?

Answer 10

toxic substance bound to the bacterial cell wall and released when the bacterium ruptures or disintegrates

gram -ve

Question 11

What are enterotoxins?

Answer 11

protein exotoxin released by a microorganism that targets the intestines.

Question 12

What are exotoxins?

Answer 12

Proteins that cause damage to host that are secreted by the bacteria

Question 13

What are neurotoxins?

Answer 13

toxins that are destructive to nerve tissue

Question 14

What are symptoms of Toxic shock syndrome?

Answer 14

-Fever
-Rash
-Skin peeling
-Hypotension

Question 15

What are the 2 types of toxins?

Answer 15

Exotoxin

Endotoxin

Question 16

What are the 3 basic bacterial shapes?

Answer 16

Cocci
Bacilli
Spiral

Question 17

What are the 3 classes of toxins?

Answer 17

neurotoxin
Enterotoxin
Superantigens

Question 18

What are superantigens?

Answer 18

class of antigens that result in excessive activation of the immune system

Question 19

What are the 3 forms of Botulism?

Answer 19

Food borne
Infant
Wound botulism

Question 20

what are the 3 types of pathogens?

Answer 20

opportunistic
Primary
Zoonotic

Question 21

What are the 3 ways that exotoxins can cause damage to the cell?

Answer 21

-Signalling at host cell membrane(type 1)

-Damage membranes (Type 2)

-Enter target cells and alter function(Type 3)

Question 22

What are the effects of antibiotics on microflora?

Answer 22

Antibiotics whilst destroying harmful bacteria can destroy useful gut bacteria

Question 23

What are the symptoms of Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome?

Answer 23

Fever
Redness
Skin exfoliation

Question 24

What bacteria release endotoxins?

Answer 24

gram -ve bacteria as they have LPS

Question 25

What class of bacteria is Clostridium tetani?

Answer 25

Gram +ve

Question 26

What does Tetanospasmin inhibit?

Answer 26

-Release of inhibitory neurotransmitters -GABA -^ of firing rate, muscle spasms/contractions

Question 27

What does the B subunit of A-B toxin from cholera toxin bind to ?

Answer 27

Glycoprotein receptor on cytoplasmic membrane of cell

Question 28

What is a opportunistic pathogen?

Answer 28

Microorganism that does not usually cause harm to the host may cause disease when host resistance to microorganism is low

Question 29

What is a parasite?

Answer 29

Organism that lives on or in another organism (Host)

Question 30

What is a primary pathogen?

Answer 30

pathogens that cause disease in any healthy host

Question 31

What is an infection?

Answer 31

Growth of microorganism in host but may not cause disease

Question 32

characteristics of Clostridia

Answer 32

rod-shaped gram +ve anaerobic spore forming

Question 33

What is attenuation?

Answer 33

When a pathogens virulence is reduced

Question 34

What is pathogenicity?

Answer 34

Ability of microorganism to cause disease

Question 35

What is staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome?

Answer 35

proteins in skin breakdown caused by Staphylococcus aureus

Question 36

What is the hallmark sign of cholera?

Answer 36

rice water stool

Question 37

method of action for Tetanospasmin toxin

Answer 37

Bind to motor nerves travels up axon until it reaches body of motor nerve in spinal cord Toxin migrates and binds to nerve terminals and inhibits secretion of glycine and GABA Chemical signal to motor nerve intensified

Question 38

What is the method of action for vibrio cholerae?

Answer 38

B subunit bind to glycoprotein receptor of cytoplasmic membrane A subunit cleaved and enter cytoplasm, activates adenylate cyclase which convert ATP to cAMP cAMP stimulate secretion of electrolytes from cell into intestinal lumen Water enters lumen leading to water diarrhea

Question 39

What is the pathophysiology of Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome?

Answer 39

A-B exotoxin released epidermal layer detached by break down of desmosomes

Question 40

What is the role of adenylate cyclase?

Answer 40

Convert ATP to cAMP

Question 41

What is the tetanus toxin called?

Answer 41

Tetanospasmin

Question 42

What is toxic shock syndrome?

Answer 42

Condition caused by production of bacteria toxin TSST-1

Question 43

What is vibrio cholerae?

Answer 43

Gram -ve comma shaped motile (flagellum)

Question 44

What is virulence?

Answer 44

degree of pathogenicity

Question 45

What nerves does tetanospasmin bind to ?

Answer 45

motor nerves

Question 46

What occurs as a result of A subunit of A-B cholera subunit being cleaved?

Answer 46

Enters cytoplasm and activates adenylate cyclase

Question 47

What occurs as a result of B subunit of A-B cholera toxin binding to glycoprotein receptor?

Answer 47

A subunit of A-B toxin is cleaved

Question 48

What occurs as a result of inhibitory neurotransmitter released being blocked in tetanus?

Answer 48

Chemical signal to muscle intensified and muscle tightens up

Question 49

What organism produces Tetanus toxin?

Answer 49

Clostridium tetani

Question 50

What toxin produced in toxic shock syndrome?

Answer 50

TSST-1

Question 51

what type of bacteria is clostridia?

Answer 51

gram +ve

Question 52

What type of toxin is Botulinum toxin?

Answer 52

A-B toxin

Question 53

What type of toxins are A-B toxins?

Answer 53

type 3 - Enter target cells and alter function

Question 54

What virulence factors help bacteria?

Answer 54

Attachment of bacteria to host Colonisation of bacteria invasiveness toxin production inhibition of phagocytosis mechanism

Question 55

Where is Clostridium tetani found?

Answer 55

Spores in soil or in GI tract of animals

Question 56

Which bacteria is staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome caused by?

Answer 56

S. aureus

Question 57

what function of motor neurone does botulinum neurotoxin affect?

Answer 57

black Ach neurotransmitter signal in peripheral motor neurons

Question 58

symptoms of botulism

Answer 58

muscle weakness, slurred speech, paralysis fatigue

Question 59

where can botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) be used therapeutically?

Answer 59

botox

Question 60

symptoms of tetanus

Answer 60

stiffness of jaw painful muscle spasms high temp/heart rate

Question 61

symptoms of cholera

Answer 61

diarrhoea vomiting wrinkled skin dehydration

Question 62

What are the 3 types of hemolysis

Answer 62

alpha beta gamma

Question 63

routes of infection in the body

Answer 63

Skin Wounds Animal bites

Question 64

What is treatment for necrotizing fasciitis

Answer 64

Antibiotics surgical debridement (thoroughly cleaning wound using surgical methods) may need amputation

Question 65

What is necrotizing fasciitis caused by

Answer 65

Streptococcus pyogene released exotoxin B