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week 5 -Infection of respiratory tract/viral adaptations Flashcards

1
Q

What group Streptococcus is Streptococcus sore throats (pharyngitis) caused by

A

Group A

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2
Q

What is acute respiratory distress syndrome

A

severe inflammatory reaction of the lungs to pulmonary damage

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3
Q

What is catalase positive?

A

Test used to differentiate between staphylococci from streptococci

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4
Q

What is measured in National early warning score (NEWS)

A

Respiratory
Oxygen saturation
temperature
systolic blood pressure
pulse rate
level of consciousness

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5
Q

What is tachypnoea

A

tachy=rapid
Pnoea=breathing
abnormally rapid breathing

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6
Q

What is the most common cause of acute respiratory distress syndrome

A

Sepsis

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7
Q

What microorganisms cause sinusitis(3)

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae
Haemophilus influenzae
Moraxella catarrhalis

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8
Q

what microrganisms cause otitis(4)

A

Streptococcus pneumononiae
Staphylococcus aureus
Haemophilus influenzae
Moraxella catarrhalis

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9
Q

what structures are affected in a lower respiratory tract infection

A

lungs and bronchi

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10
Q

What structures are affected in a upper respiratory tract infection(4)

A

Nasal cavity
sinuses
pharnyx
larynx

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11
Q

Which respiratory tract infection are more dangerous and difficult to treat

A

Lower respiratory tract infection

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12
Q

How does COVID-19 invade host cells

A

Through angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)
Transmembrane protease serine 2

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13
Q

Influenza virus is a member of which family of viruses?

A

Orthomyxoviridae

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14
Q

List 2 antiviruses that could be used in treatment of influenza virus?

A

Amantadine
Rimantadine
Oseltamivir
Zanamivir

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15
Q

What are 2 basic approaches of treatment for influenza

A

Symptomatic care
Anticipation of potential complications

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16
Q

What are antigenic drifts

A

Minor changes occur in antigenic structure via random point mutation and subtype does not alter

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17
Q

What are antigenic shifts

A

Two subtypes of viruses infect same cell and exchange genetic segments to create new subtypes

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18
Q

What are the 2 ways mutations for hemagglutinin and neuraminidase can occur

A

Antigenic drift
Antigenic shift

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19
Q

What are the 3 major serotypes of influenza

A

A
B
C

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20
Q

What are the best treatments for influenza

A

Rest and fluid intake
Cough suppresants
conservative use of analgesics for myalgia and headache

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21
Q

What are the different serotypes of influenza based on

A

antigens associated with nucleoproteins

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22
Q

What are the high-risk group of individuals for complications with influenza

A

Elderly >65 years old
Children<5 years age
Pregnant
individuals with chronic medical conditions

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23
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of influenza

A

Sudden fever
Pharyngitis
Congestion
Cough
Myalgia

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24
Q

What are the symptoms of COVID-19

A

Fever
Fatigue
Dry cough
Shortness of breath
Loss of smell
Loss of appetite
Myalgia

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25
what epithelium does influenza prefer
Respiratory
26
What genetic material does influenza have
Single stranded RNA
27
What is 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthase
enzyme that reacts to interferon signal antiviral enzyme that counteracts viral attack by degrading RNA's
28
What is a nucleocapsid
genome and protein coat of virus
29
what is an endosome
intracellular sorting organelles that are part of endocytic membrane transport pathway
30
What is hemagglutinin
glycoprotein found on surface of influenza virus responsible for binding virus to cell being infected
31
what is neuraminidase
glycoside hydrolase enzymes that cleave glycosidic linkages of neuraminic acids
32
what is PKR
interferon-induced kinase that plays a key part in innate immunity to viral infection
33
What is positive sense RNA
type of viral RNA that, unlike negative-sense RNA, can be readily translated into proteins. Does not require RNA-dependent RNA polymerase.
34
What is the enveloped status of coronavirus
Enveloped
35
What is the enveloped status of influenza
Enveloped with helical capsid
36
What is the genetic material of coronaviruses
Positive sense RNA genome
37
What is the method of person to person transmission for influenza
Respiratory droplets
38
What is the most common method for influenza virus transmission?
Direct droplet transmission
39
What is the pathophysiology of Influenza
Influenza virus bind to respiratory tract epithelium Viral hemagglutinin binds sialic acid residues and enters cells Virus replicates in nucleus of cell New virus particles travel to cell membrane and membrane bud forms Viral neuraminidase cleaves neuraminic acid and virion leaves cell
40
What is the pathophysiology of Poliovirus
Attach to receptors on host cell Penetration via pore mediateda
41
What is the process of virus invasion
Attachment to host cell Penetration into host Uncoating Replication of nucleic acid and formation of viral proteins Assembly of virus components Viral release
42
What is the transmission for COVID-19
Person-person mainly via respiratory droplets Direct contact transmission
43
What medication can be given for influenza
Amantidine and rimantadine if infection diagnosed within 12-24 hours
44
What occurs in replication cycle of COVID-19
RNA polymerase or proteases are virally induced by endosomal viral RNA to release replicate viral compents
45
What structures do coronaviruses infect
Upper respiratory and gastrointestinal tract
46
What type of epithelial tissue is mostly found in the respiratory tract?
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
47
Where does influenza replicate in respiratory tract
Ciliated cells of lower respiratory tract
48
Which 3 bacteria are common causes of superinfections in flu patients
Streptococcus pneumoniae Haemophilus influenzae Staphylococcus aureus
49
Which hemagglutinin is most relevant for influenza A
H1,H2,H3,H5
50
Which neuraminidase most relevant for influenza A
N1,N2,N7
51
antigenic drifts cause
epidemics
52
antigenic shifts cause
pandemics
53
what is viral adaptation
process where virus changes over time in response to environment emergence of new strains/variants
54
what is H5N1
bird flu
55
what is s receptor mediated entry
clove shaped structure on virus allows to carry viral viral and bind to host ACE2 binds to host receptor
56
What organism causes Tuberculosis
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
57
what does the upper respiratory tract do?
filter heat and humidify air
58
what does the upper respiratory tract consists of?
nasal cavity sinuses pharynx larynx
59
what does the lower respiratory tract do?
absorb O2 and release CO2
60
what does the upper respiratory tract consist of?
larynx trachea bronchi lungs lungs diaphragm
61
what infections can URT get?
cold epiglottitis - influenza b laryngitis pharyngitis sinusitis
62
what infections can LRT get?
bronchitis bronchiolitis pneumonia influenza
63
how are respiratory viruses spread?
coughing sneezing vocalizing
64
cold symptoms
no fever might have headache runny nose hacking cough slight ache mild fatigue sore throat normal energy
65
flu symptoms
high fever headache common clear nose severe cough severe ache fatigue sore throat fatigue
66
3 c's of measles
cough conjunctivitis coryza
67
what do you use to treat measles
morbillivirus
68
what is legionnaires disease
caused by bacteria that thrive in warm water and damp places hot tubs, air conditioning, plumbing
69
what bacteria causes legionnaires diseases
legionella pneumophilia gram -ve rod
70
how to diagnose legionnaires disease
sputum test urine antigen test
71
what is the classification of pneumonia
source of infection - hospital or community acquired site of infection
72
what is pneumocystis pneumonia cause by
pneumocystis jirovecii
73
list three pneumonia
bronchopneumonia lobar pneumonia interstitial pneumonia

Infection (8 decks)

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