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Infection > Week 3 - immunity/detect pathogens > Flashcards

Week 3 - immunity/detect pathogens Flashcards

1
Q

why is CRP measured?

A

is a positive acute phase reactant that functions as an opsonin and fixes complement.

measured as a sign of ongoing inflammation.

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2
Q

Why must permeability of microvascular increase in acute inflammation?

A

Enables proteins and leukocytes to leave circulation

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3
Q

Why must blood vessels dilate in acute inflammation?

A

Why must blood vessels dilate in acute inflammation

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4
Q

Which complement proteins are chemoattractants for leukocytes (neutrophils and monocytes)

A

C5a and C3a

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5
Q

Where are RIG-like receptors (RLR) found and function?

A

Located in cytosol of most cells

detect viral RNA molecules inside cells.

have RNA helicase domains that recognize specific structures of viral RNA

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6
Q

Where are C-type lectin receptors found and function?

A

Plasma membranes of macrophages and dendritic cells

recognize carbohydrate structures found on the surface of pathogens like fungi and bacteria.

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7
Q

What type of receptors are toll like receptors

A

Single pass membrane spanning

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8
Q

What transcription factors are activated in TLR binding to bacteria or virus?

A

NF-κB
AP-1 (adaptor proteins)
IRFs (inferno regulatory factors)

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9
Q

What state are complement proteins in

A

Inactive must be activated before they function

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10
Q

What PRR’s located extracellularly

A

Toll-like receptor
C-type lectin receptor

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11
Q

What PRR’s are located cystolically

A

Cystolic DNA sensor(CDS)
RIG-like receptor (RLR)
NOD-like receptor (NLR)

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12
Q

What organ produces complement proteins

A

liver

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13
Q

What occurs once NLRP-3 inflammasome becomes active

A

Inactive IL-1β becomes active

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14
Q

What occurs once IFN has been produced due to virus

A

inhibition of protein synthesis
Degradation of viral DNA
Inhibition of viral gene expression

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15
Q

What occurs once C3b bind to pathogen surface

A

Complement B binds

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16
Q

examples of pattern recognition receptors?

A

Toll like receptors (TLRs)
C-type lectin receptors (CLRs)
NOD-like receptors (NLRs)
RIG-like receptors (RLRs)
Cystolic DNA Sensor

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17
Q

How does NLRP-3 inflammasome become active

A

Binding to active Caspase-1

18
Q

TLRs function

A

initiate innate immune responds, recognise wide range of PAMPs

induces pro-inflammatory cytokines - IL6, IL12 and TNF-alpha

induces anti inflammatory cytokines - IL10

19
Q

How is a membrane attack complex formed

A

C5b combines with C6,C7,C8,C9

20
Q

How is protein synthesis inhibited due to virus infection and production of INF?

A

Phosphorylation of translation initiation factors

21
Q

How is viral RNA degraded due to INF stimulation

A

RNAase activity

22
Q

NOD-like receptors functions

A

systolic receptors sense DAMPs and PAMPs

autophagy, signal transduction, transcription activation, inflammasome formation

23
Q

stages of innate immune response?

A

Recognition of microbes and damaged cells
Activation of mechanisms
Elimination of the unwanted substances

24
Q

main actions of the innate immune system

A

Inflammation
antiviral defences

25
Q

inflammation signs

A

calor - heat
dolor - pain
rubor - redness
tumor- swelling

26
Q

What are the 3 complement pathways

A

Classical
Alternative
Mannan-binding lectin pathway

27
Q

3 main types of NLR

A

NOD1
NOD2
NLRP-3

they recognise bacterial peptidoglycan

28
Q

What are the 3 stages of acute inflammation

A

Dilation of small vessels
Increased permeability of microvasculature
Emigration of leukocytes from microcirculation

29
Q

What are the 3 steps for leukocytes to be recruited to sites of inflammation

A

Rolling
Firm adhesion
Migration

30
Q

components of Toll like receptor

A

Toll IL- 1 receptor signalling domain

leucine rich repeats

31
Q

3 types of PRR’s on different types of immune cells

A

Intracellularly
extracellularly
Secreted to tag

32
Q

principal classes of lymphocytes

A

B lymphocytes
CD4+ T cells (helper T cells)
CD8+ T cells (Cytotoxic T cells)

33
Q

complement pathway

A

enhances ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to
-clear microbes/damaged cells
-promote inflammation
-attach pathogen membrane

34
Q

What do NOD-like receptors recognise

A

DAMP and PAMPS

35
Q

What do PRR’s trigger in innate immune response

A

Initiate opsonisation (cell coating)
induce phagocytosis (cell eating)
Induce apoptosis (Cell death)

36
Q

What does MBL (Mannose-binding lectin) bind to in the blood

A

protein called MASP

37
Q

What occurs once a bacteria or virus binds to TLR

A

2 pathway for each bacteria or virus

antiviral or acute inflammation/adaptive immunity

38
Q

describe complement system

A

the classical pathway, the lectin pathway, and the alternative pathway.

Each pathway involves enzymatic reactions that produce key components (C3 and C5 convertases)

split other complement proteins, leads to the formation of membrane attack complexes (MACs) lyse pathogens.

39
Q

What may recognise viral nucleic acids in the body

A

TLR or dendritic cells

40
Q

antiviral state

A

after infection IFN-alpha or IFN-beta signal cause increase in transcription of genes coding for host defence

Infection (8 decks)

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