week 6 - GI infections/enterobacteriaceae Flashcards
1
Q
According to Bristol stool chart, describe the consistency of type 7 stool?
A
Liquid consistency with no solid pieces
2
Q
Are neutrophils in the stool more indicative of a viral or a bacterial infection?
A
Bacterial as neutrophils are more commonly present in bacterial infections rather than viral infections
3
Q
Can antimicrobials eradicate toxin in diarrhea
A
Antimicrobials do not eradicate toxin
4
Q
Fever more common in …..
A
dysentry
5
Q
Food infection
A
Presence of bacteria or other microbes which infects body after consumption
6
Q
Food intoxication
A
Ingestion of toxins contained within food
7
Q
Food poisoning
A
Illness resulting from consumption of food
8
Q
How can Esherichia coli be classed
A
by virulence factors and diseases it causes
9
Q
How can salmonella typhi be ingested
A
Food or contaminated water with sewage that contains bacteria from carriers
10
Q
How can transmission for Bacillus Cereus be remembered
A
“Food poisoning from reheated rice? Be serious!” (B. cereus).
11
Q
How is Rotavirus infection diagnosed
A
Enzyme immunoassay (EIA) of antigen in stool
12
Q
How long can untreated bacterial diarrhoea last
A
3-7 days
13
Q
How long does viral diarrhoea last
A
2-3 days
14
Q
How many stages of typhoid fever
A
4
15
Q
How would antacids affect the growth of H.pylori
A
Increase risk of bacterial overgrowth
16
Q
If …… is more prominent in food poisoning then …….. is more likely
A
diarrhoea
metabolic acidosis
17
Q
If ……. is the main cause of fluid loss then ………. with ……… can occur
A
vomiting
metabolic alkalosis
hypocholeremia
18
Q
Is fever present in diarrhoea
A
no
19
Q
Is pain present in diarrhoea
A
patient may or may not be accompanied by cramps or a pain
20
Q
is pain present in dysentry
A
Patient usually complains of pain and cramps in lower abdominal area
21
Q
List the main causes of infectious Gastroenteritis?
A
Preformed toxins
Living organisms
22
Q
What diseases are caused by salmonella
A
Enteric fever(Typhoid)
salmonellosis
acute gastroenteritis
23
Q
What are carriers of typhoid fever treated with
A
Prolonged antibiotics
24
Q
What are enteric (enterobactericaea) bacteria
A
Bacteria of the intestines
25
What are examples of living organisms that can cause infectious gastroenteritis
Helminths
Virus
Bacteria
26
What are examples of nematodes
Roundworms
Pinworms
hookworms
whipworms
27
What are some complications of typhoid fever
Pneumonia
intestinal bleeding
kidney failure
peritonitis
28
What are some examples of obligate enterbacteriaceae pathogens
Salmonella spp
Shigella spp
29
What are some examples of opportunistic enterobacteriaceae
Escherichia coli
Enterobacter aerogenes
30
What are some features of enterobacteriaceae
Some have capsules
resistant to bile salts
31
What are some features of shigella
Non motile
non spore forming
facultatively anaerobic
32
What are some medically important enterobacteriaceae
Enterbacter aerogenes
escherichia coli
klebsiella pneumoniae
salmonella enterica
shigella sonnei
33
What are some symptoms of S.aureus food poisoning
Nausea
abdominal cramping
vomiting
Dirarrhea
34
what are the 2 categories of causes for infectious gastroenteristis
Pre-formed toxins
Living organisms
35
What are the 4 categories of Viral gastroenteritis
Rotavirus
Norovirus
Astrovirus
Enteric adenovirus
36
What are the 4 species of shigella
Boydii
dysenteriae
flexneri
sonnei
37
What are the categories of helminth infections of gastrointestinal tract
Nematodes
Cestodes
Trematodes
38
What are the clinical features for Rotavirus infection
fever
Malaise
abdominal pain
vomiting
water diarrhea
39
What are the clinical features of Pinworms (Enterobiasis)
Anal pruritus
Vulvovaginitis
40
What are the clinical features of schistosomiasis
Local reaction
acute schistosomiasis syndrome
chronic schistosomiasis
41
What are the components of the GI tract
Mouth
Pharnyx
esophagus
stomach
small intestine
large intestine
42
What are the diagnostic tests for a hookworm infection
Complete blood cell count to look for eosinophilia
Stool examination for eggs or worms
43
What are the diagnostic tests for ascariasis
Complete blood cell count to look for eosinophilia
stool sample to look for presence of eggs
44
What are the most common causative organisms for dysentry
E coli
Shigella
Salmonella
45
What are the most comon viral aetiological agents of acute gastroenteritis
Rotavirus
Calcivirus
Astrovirus
Enteric Adenovirus
46
What are the respiratory effects of hookworm infections
dry cough
weezing
Löffler syndrome
47
What are the symptoms of Norovirus
Nausea
Acute onset vomiting
watery non bloody diarrhea
Abdominal cramps
48
What area does diarrhea affect
Small bowel
49
What area does dysentry affect
Colon
50
What cells does Rotavirus infect
Villus cells of proximal small intestine
51
What complications might result from cholera infection?
Hypokalaemia,
hypoglycaemia,
renal failure
52
What does viral gastroenteritis infect
Epithelium of small intestine
53
What electrolyte disturbance you might expect in a patient presenting with severe vomiting or diarrhoea?
Hypokalaemia
54
What genetic material does calicivirus have
RNA
55
What is a common source of infection for Bacillus Cereus
Reheated rice
56
What is a key feature of Bacillus Cereus infection
produce 2 different enterotoxins (Emetic and Diarrheal form)
57
What is a oligate pathogen
bacteria that must cause disease in order to be transmitted from one host to another
58
What is a virulence factor for shigella
Entertoxins such as shigatoxin
59
what is an example of a trematodes
Flukes
60
What is an example of cestodes
Tape worms
61
What is an example of pre-formed toxin cause of infectious gastroenteristis
Food poisoning
62
What is destroyed in dysentry
Upper epithelial cells attacked and destroyed
63
What is diarrhoea
Abnormal faecal discharge characterised by frequent and/or fluid stool
64
what is diarrhoea with blood or pus due to
invasive infection with mucosal destruction
65
what is diarrhoea without blood and pus due to
enterotoxin production
66
What is dysentry
Inflammatory disorder of gastrointestinal tract often associated with blood and pus in faeces
67
What is entercolitis
Inflammation involving mucosa of both small and large intestine
68
What is gastroenteritis
inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract
69
What is H.pylori
Gram negative spiral bacterium that lives in mucus layer that covers gastric epithellium
70
What is Löffler syndrome
respiratory disorder characterized by accumulation of eosinophils in the lungs due to an allergic reaction to a drug or certain infections
71
What is peritonitis
Inflammation of peritoneum
72
What is the case fatality rate for shigella
5-15%
73
What is the catalase status of shigella
positive
74
what is the diagnostic technique used for Trichiuriasis (Whipworms)
microscopic examination of stool for eggs
75
What is the diagnostic test for pinworms (enterobiasis)
Tape test
76
What is the Enveloped status of Norovirus
non enveloped
77
What is the enveloped status of Rotavirus
non enveloped
78
What is the gram status of salmonellae
Gram negative
79
What is the gram status of shigella
gram negative
80
What is the incubation period for Clostridium perfringens food poisoning
6-24 hrs
81
What is the incubation period for Enterotoxin I for Bacillus Cereus infection
30 mins to 6 hours after ingestion
82
What is the incubation period for Enterotoxin II for Bacillus Cereus infection
6-15 hours after ingestion
83
What is the incubation period for Norovirus
12-48hrs
84
What is the incubation period for Rotavirus
1-3 days
85
What is the incubation period for S.aureus food poisoning
1-6 hrs
86
What is the incubation period of bacterial and viral pathogens
6-72 hrs
87
incubation period of protozoal pathogens
1-2 wks
88
incubation period of shigella
1-3 days
89
incubation period of Staphylococcus aureus food poisoning
1-6 hrs
90
What is the life cycle of a hookworm
contaminated soil>larvae transfer through feet>migrate to lungs>swallowed to intestines>mature to adults>colonise intestinal tract>eggs layer and eliminate via faeces
91
What is the life cycle of ascaris
oral ingestion of eggs>eggs release larvae> larvae invade intestine>migrate to lungs>tracheal migration>back to intestine>mature
92
life cycle of schistosomiasis
-infected humans secrete eggs in urine or faeces
-egg hatch in water and produce miracidia
-miricida infect freshwater snails and develop cercaria
-humans come in contact with contaminated water
-cercaria penetrate skin
-maturation into adult schistosomes
93
life cycle of Trichiuriasis (Whipworms)
-host ingests eggs
-eggs hatch and release larvae in the small intestine
-larvae mature into adult worms in colon
-adult worms lay eggs, which are shed in feaces
94
mechanism of invasion for salmonella
Salmonella triggers phagocytosis of epithelial cells lining small intestine
Salmonella multiply inside phagocytic vacuole and kills host cause diarrhoea
Salmonella move into blood stream
95
mechanism of invasion for salmonella typhi
-Bacteria enter blood stream after being ingested
-travel to blood stream and WBCs carry disease to liver,spleen and bone marrow
-reenters blood stream
96
mode of transmission for Ascaris
Fecal-oral
97
mode of transmission for hookworms
penetration of larvae through feet
98
mode of transmission for Pinworms
Fecal-oral
reinfection from digital-oral after scratching anal region
99
mode of transmission for Trichiuriasis (Whipworm)
Fecal-oral
100
What is the most abundant immune cell in the lamina propria
Macrophages
101
What is the most common cause of infectious diarrhoea in the western world
viral gastroneteritis
102
What is the oxidase status of shigella
neg
103
What is the pathophysiology of Rotavirus
mucosal damage and villous atropy leading to impaired sodium absorption and loss of potassium
104
What is the pathophysiology of shigella
shigella attaches to epithelial cell of colon and triggers phagocytosis
shigella multiplies in cytosol
shigella invades neighboring epithelial cells
abscess forms
shigella enters blood
105
What is the pathophysiology of shigella
shigella attaches to epithelial cell of colon and triggers phagocytosis
shigella multiplies in cytosol
shigella invades neighboring epithelial cells
abscess forms
shigella enters blood
106
What is the peak incidence for Norovirus infection
November-March
107
What is the primary manifestation in gastroenteritis
Diarrhea
may be accompanied by nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain
108
What is the shape of cestodes
Flat bodied worms that are segmented
109
What is the shape of nematodes
What is the shape of nematodes
110
What is the tape test
Detection of eggs (ova) and/or pinworms on tape that has been pressed against the perianal region
111
What is the toxin that causes staphylococcal food poisoing
Staph enterotoxin
112
What is the transmission for Clostridium perfringens food poisoning
Reheated meat dishes
uncooked meat
raw legumes
113
What is the transmission for Norovirus
Fecal-oral route through contaminated food or water, person-person contact and contact with contaminated surfaces
114
What is the transmission of Bacillus Cereus
bacteria grow on heated food that cools down too slowly or is improperly refrigerated
115
What is the treatment for a Rotavirus infection
Oral rehydration
IV fluid with patient with severe dehydration
116
What is type 1 on the bristol stool chart
Seperate hard lumps
117
type 2 on the bristol stool chart
lumpy and sausage like
118
type 3 on the bristol stool chart
Sausage shape with cracks
119
type 4 on the bristol stool chart
Smooth soft sausage or snake
120
What is type 5 on the bristol stool chart
Soft blobs with clear cut edges
121
type 6 on the bristol stool chart
mushy consistency with ragged edges
122
What live organisms cause infections through invasive methods
Shigella
E.coli
salmonella
s.typhi
123
What live organisms have non invasive methods for infection
V.cholerae
C.difficile
E.Coli
124
What live organisms have non invasive methods for infection
V.cholerae
C.difficile
E.Coli
125
What occurs in stage 1 typhoid fever
Slow rising temperature
relative bradycardia
malaise
epistaxis(nosebleed)
126
what occurs in stage 2 of typhoid fever
high fever
distended abdomen
weight loss
delirium
127
what occurs in stage 3 of typhoid fever
intestinal haemorrhage
encephalitis(inflammation of brain)
fever
dehydration
128
What occurs in stage 4 of typhoid fever
defervescence(very high fever)
129
What organs does salmonella typhi affect
Liver
gallbladder
stomach
small intestine
large intestine
130
What salmonella causes paratyphoid fevers
S.paratyphi A,B and C
131
What salmonella causes salmonellosis
S.typhimurium
S.montevideo
s.wien
132
What salmonella causes typhoid fever
S.typhi
133
What shape are trematodes
Flat bodied that are non-segmented
134
What shape is salmonella
Rod shaped
135
What shape is shigella
Rod shaped
136
What toxin produced by Escherichia coli
shiga like toxin
137
What type of antigens does Esherichia coli have
O,H and K antigens
138
What type of bacteria is salmonella
gram -ve facultative
139
What type of bacteria is shigella
gram -ve
140
What type of genetic material in Rotavirus
Double stranded RNA reovirus
141
What type of secretion system does Escherichia coli have
type III secretion
142
What type of stool present in diarrhoe
Watery stool with no blood and mucus
143
What type of stool present in dysentry
Mucoid stool that may be accompanied by blood
144
What type of virus of Rotavirus
RNA
145
Where are hookworm infections common
tropic areas where people walk barefoot
146
Where are Norovirus infections common in community outbreaks
Nursing homes
hospitals
preschools
cruise ships
147
Where do salmonellae live
intestinal tracts of warm and cold blooded animals
148
Where does bacteria proliferate in Staphylococcal food poisoning
Inadequately refrigerated food
149
Which is the first step in the treatment of diarrhea due to gastroenteritis?
Replace fluids orally or through injection into the vein
150
Which is the most common side effect of gastroenteritis
Dehydration
151
Which microorganisms cause infections through pre-formed toxins in food
C.botulinum
S.aureus
152
Which pathway gives rise to eosinophils?
myeloid pathway
153
Why do parasites elicit eosinophilia?
Large parasites cannot be phagocytosed internally and so must be killed extracellularly, eosinophil granules contain enzymes effectve against parasitic worms
154
common oral infections
dental caries (tooth decay)
gingivitis – inflammation of the gums
periodontitis – inflammation of gums resulting in separation from teeth
oral herpes - blisters on soft tissues
oral thrush - fungal infection
Hand, foot and mouth disease
herpangina
155
poliovirus
Non-enveloped single strand RNA virus
can lead to poliomyelitis: disabling and life-threatening condition
asymptomatic or flu like symptoms
156
Enterobacteriaceae - physiology
Grow rapidly and have simple nutritional requirements
Facultative anaerobes
They ferment glucose, reduce nitrate
Catalase positive
157
Yersinia
Ingestion of contaminated foods or blood transfusion
diarrhoea,fever,abdominal pain
affects terminal ileum
treat w/ antimicrobials
common in NA or Europe due to cool temps
