week 7: attention Flashcards

1
Q

what is needed for the mind to process information

A

it has to be represented in a way the mind/brain can manipulate it

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2
Q

what is change blindness

A

the inability to notice (salient) changes in a visual scene

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3
Q

how is our ability to recognise visual scenes

A

its great

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4
Q

what is boundary extension

A

when we memories a visual scene, a wide-angle view of the scene tends to be stored in the memory

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5
Q

what is correct rejection rate

A

things that are not important to the visual scene changing take longer or don’t get recognised. eg. clothes changed

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6
Q

when we perceive a visual scene, 2 types of representation seem to be formed:

A

representation of the meaning of the scene
representation of surface properties of the scene (visual details, colour etc)

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7
Q

what characteristics of representation of visual information is well recognised

A

the meaning of the scene is very well represented

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8
Q

what characteristics of representation of visual information is not good well recognised

A

the surface properties are not

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9
Q

what is attention

A

the selection mechanism that allows us to process less information than we receive.

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10
Q

why is attention important

A

in order to use our neural and cognitive resources effectively, it is necessary to select important pieces of information for further processing

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11
Q

what is early selection theory: the filter theory

A

sensory information has to pass through some bottleneck
only some of the sensory information is selected for further processing

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12
Q

what task was developed for early selection filter theory

A

dichotic listening task

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13
Q

what is the dichotic listening task

A

requires the subject to shadow, or repeat aloud, a message presented to one ear while ignoring a message presented to the other ear

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14
Q

what did the filter theory find

A

that the unattended message is usually not remembered

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15
Q

what type of information from the unattended message is processed

A

some non-semantic aspects of the message (eg. whether voice was male or female)

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16
Q

what is the cocktail party effect

A

you can hear your name mentioned in a crowded bar, even when you are talking with someone else

17
Q

what does the cocktail party effect suggest

A

that some semantic information can also pass through a bottleneck without attention

18
Q

what is early-selection theory: the attenuation theory

A

the salience of unattended stimuli is reduced, but they are not filtered out entirely

19
Q

what is late-selection theory

A

the filter occurs after the perceptual stimulus has undergone analysis for its semantic content

20
Q

what is the prediction of the attenuation theory

A

the target will be less frequently detected in an unshadowed ear

21
Q

what is the prediction of the late-selection theories

A

the target will be detected equally well in either ear

22
Q

what were the results of detention accuracy

A

in the shadowed ear: 87%
in the unshadowed ear: 8%

23
Q

what do the detection accuracy results support

A

the attenuation theory

24
Q

what are some types of attention

A

voluntary attention
reflective attention

25
what is voluntary attention
top down goal directed
26
what is reflective attention
bottom up stimulus driven
27
for voluntary attention where is the focus
the focus of attention is usually the same as the focus of the eyes
28
when is voluntary attention not the same as the eyes
posners cueing paradigm
29
what happens when more time passes between a reflective cue and a target
the response to the target becomes slower
30
what is inhibition of return
the reflective attention system has built in mechanisms to prevent reflexively directed attention from being stuck at a location for too long
31
what is meant by feature integration theory
people must focus attention on a stimulus before they can synthesise its features into a pattern in essence, attention works as glue with which various features are combined into an object
32
what happens in feature integration theory tests
illusory conjunctions of features occur almost as frequently as correct combinations
33
what happens without focussed attention for feature integration theory
individual features are perceived but they are not always combined properly
34
what is dual-task performance
multitasking
35
can we do 2 or more things simultaneously without having any interference
the answer depends on the agree to which tasks involved require attention