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pyb204 perception and cognition > week 12: language part 1: linguistics > Flashcards

week 12: language part 1: linguistics Flashcards

1
Q

what is communication

A

behaviours used by one member of a species that convey information to another

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2
Q

examples of communication

A

turn taking intonation
gesture (body language)
eye gaze control
touch

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3
Q

what is language

A

a communication system that has symbols (eg. words) and rules for ways to assemble the symbols (eg. grammar)

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4
Q

what does language make possible

A

to think about things and processes we currently cannot see, hear, feel, touch, or smell as well as intangible ideas (goodwill, freedom, truth, virtue etc)

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5
Q

what is linguistics

A

the study of language structure, variation and change

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6
Q

what is psycholinguistics

A

the psychology of our language as it interacts with the human mind

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7
Q

what does linguistics look at

A

phonology
morphology
syntax
semantics
pragmatics

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8
Q

what does psycholinguistics look at

A

perception (speech, reading)
production (speaking, writing, signing)

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9
Q

what is grammar

A

refers to the system of language consisting of phonology, morphology and syntax

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10
Q

when did we start studying the psychology of language

A

mid 18th century

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11
Q

what are words

A

a pairing between a sound and a meaning

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12
Q

what did ferdinand de Saussure propose regarding words

A

that the pairing between a sound and a meaning was arbitrary as different languages use different sounds to convey the same meaning

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13
Q

what has more recent studies of words discovered

A

an analyses across languages have shown sound-to-meanings are more systematic than would be expected by chance, especially for words acquired early in life

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14
Q

what is iconicity

A

resemblance between form and meaning of words

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15
Q

examples of iconicity

A

teeny: conveys a sense of smallness through the high-front vowel /i/
bouba-kiki effect: round and sharp shapes, respectively

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16
Q

what is systematicity

A

any stat regularity between phonological structure and meaning

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17
Q

example of systematicity

A

phonesthemes

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18
Q

an example of phonesthemes

A

in english, gl- frequently occurs in words referring to shiny visual phenomena eg. glitter, glimmer, glisten, glitz, but there is no clear perceptual connection between gl and shiny visual phenomena

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19
Q

2 ways to represent sound patterns in speech

A

phonemes
phonetics

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20
Q

what are phonemes

A

smallest unit of sound that can distinguish one word from another

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21
Q

what are allophones

A

different representations of the same phoneme
eg. lips, spill, slip, lisp are the sound sounds in different orders

22
Q

what are phonetics

A

the physical properties of speech sounds and how they are produced and perceived in different contexts
eg. the different between english and french pronunciation of ‘cave’

23
Q

how may phonemes be represented

A

by different letters eg. phoneme /k/: cat, kit, school

24
Q

what does tune and rhythm of speech convey

A

meaning eg. attitude, emotion, sarcasm etc

25
Q

what is prosody

A

the tune and rhythm of speech

26
Q

at the phonetic level, prosody is characterised by:

A

vocal pitch (fundamental frequency)
loudness (acoustic intensity)
rhythm (phoneme and syllable duration)

27
Q

what are morphology

A

word structure and formation

28
Q

what are morphemes

A

the smallest unit of meaning within a language

29
Q

types of morphemes

A

free morpheme
bound morpheme

30
Q

what is a free morpheme

A

it can stand alone as a single word
eg. cat

31
Q

types of bound morphemes

A

derivational morphemes
inflectional morphemes

32
Q

what are derivational morphemes

A

prefixes and suffixes
eg. re-charge-able

33
Q

what are inflectional morphemes

A

suffixes
eg. plural -s and regular past tense -ed

34
Q

where do people store their native language morphemes

A

in a mental lexicon

35
Q

high school graduates vocabulary

A

45,000-60,000 words

36
Q

what are syntax

A

the system of rules specifying how words are combined in sentences

37
Q

what do syntax have the capacity for

A

infinite expression

38
Q

what is the word order for the english language

A

subject-verb-object
eg. the boy/ throws/ a ball

39
Q

example of syntactically correct but meaningless sentence

A

colourless green ideas sleep furiously

40
Q

when is a sentence syntactically ambiguous

A

when the string of words can plausibly be assigned more than one syntactic structure

41
Q

when can structural ambiguity happen (syntax)

A

with a missplaced modifier, often used intentionally to create a joke

42
Q

what do you need to be mindful of with misplaced modifier

A

to make sure that modifiers are as close to the word that they modify as possible

43
Q

what are semantics

A

how word and sentence level meanings are expressed in languages

44
Q

what are semantics influenced by

A

morphology
syntax
phonology

45
Q

what is monosemy

A

a word form that has only one meaning or sense
eg. lucrative

46
Q

types of lexical ambiguity

A

homonym
polysemy
homophone

47
Q

what is a homonym semantic

A

associated with 2 or more unrelated senses
eg. coach means either bus or sports instructor

48
Q

what is polysemy semantics

A

refers to a single word form being associated with 2 or several related senses
eg. mouth of the river

49
Q

what is a homophone semantic

A

a word that is pronounced similarly to another word but differs in meaning
eg. flower and flour

50
Q

what is pragmatics in linguistics

A

how context and other information contribute to meaning

51
Q

how does sign language differ from spoken language

A

tends to be less strict in word order/syntax
is more iconic

pyb204 perception and cognition (12 decks)

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