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pyb204 perception and cognition > week 5: hearing > Flashcards

week 5: hearing Flashcards

1
Q

what is sound caused by

A

changes in air pressure

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2
Q

what are pressure waves characterised by

A

amplitude
frequency
phase

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3
Q

what is phase in pressure waves

A

position within a cycle

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4
Q

what is amplitude in pressure waves

A

related to loudness
decibels: dB

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5
Q

what is frequency in pressure waves

A

related to pitch
hertz: Hz

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6
Q

what is the simplest sound wave

A

a pure tone sine wave

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7
Q

what is the human hearing range

A

20-20000 Hz

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8
Q

what is the range most things are heard

A

80-1100 Hz

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9
Q

how are complex sounds built

A

from series of sine waves from varying amplitude, frequency, and phase

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10
Q

how do we decompose complex sounds into their sine wave components

A

a method called fourier analysis

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11
Q

what is The lowest frequency component of a complex sound is called

A

fundamental

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12
Q

components of the outer ear

A

pinna
external auditory canal
eardrum

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13
Q

what does the pinna do

A

increase the sound amplitude
helps determine the direction from which a sound is coming

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14
Q

what does the external auditory canal do

A

provides protection
increases the sound amplitude

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15
Q

what does the eardrum do

A

vibrates in response to sound waves
moves bones in the middle ear

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16
Q

what is the component and its component in the middle ear

A

ossicles:
- malleus
- incus
- stapes

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17
Q

what is the smallest bone in the human body

A

the ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes)

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18
Q

what do the ossicles do

A

transmit the vibration of the eardrum with some amplification into the choclea through lever actions
provide protection against high amplitude sounds

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19
Q

how do the ossicles provide protection against high amplitude sounds

A

muscles attached to the ossicles restrict the bones movements

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20
Q

the inner ear consists of

A

cochlea

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21
Q

what do the cochlea contain

A

auditory sensory receptors

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22
Q

what is the cochlea filled with

A

liquid, which moves in response to the vibrations coming from the middle ear

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23
Q

what are the 3 canals in the cochlea

A

vestibular canal
tympanic canal
cochlear duct

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24
Q

what are the inner ear canals separated by

A

reissners membrane
basilar membrane

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25
where are auditory receptor cells (hair cells) located
basilar membrane in the cochlear duct
26
what do the reissners membrane and basilar membrane do
they vibrate in response to vibrations of the oval window
27
what happens when basilar membrane vibrates
hair cells are also set in motion and this converts the vibration into neural signals
28
Nerve fibres from each cochlea synapse in a number of sites on the way to the primary auditory cortex. What are these sites
the cochlear nucleus the superior olivary nucleus the inferior colliculus the medial geniculate nucleus
29
what does the signal that arrive at the cochlear nucleus do
the signal arriving at the cochlear nucleus splits and goes to each of the superior olivary nuclei. Beyond this point, input from both ears is present in both hemispheres
30
what tasks cannot be performed without the cortex
discriminating the pattern of several tones discriminating the duration of sounds localising sounds in space
31
what does speech perception require
structures beyond the primary auditoy cortex
32
what does the cortex deal with
the cortex deals with more complex auditory tasks while the lower structures deal with simple aspects of sounds
33
what identifies the frequency of a sound
the location of a peak
34
When people have damage to a specific part of the cochlea, they tend to suffer from
frequency-specific hearing loss
35
Stimulating auditory nerves at different cochlear locations leads to
perception of sounds in different pitch
36
what happens to hair cells at different points on the basilar membrane
Hair cells are tuned to different ranges of frequency according to the location along the basilar membrane
37
what happens if there is a missing fundamental
When higher-order harmonics are present in the absence of the fundamental (first harmonic), the missing fundamental is “filled in” and therefore is still perceived even when harmonics are presented to different ears
38
Binaural pitch encoding
Structures beyond the cochlear nucleus should be contributing to pitch perception
39
what are the 2 basic mechanisms for loudness perception
overall firing rates range of firing
40
Factors that affect loudness perception
Sound duration (longer = louder) Frequency
41
what type of sounds are perceived to be louder
higher frequency sounds (up to 5000Hz) around 3000-5000Hz sounds are perceived to be the loudest
42
what happens when the amplitude goes up
the effect of frequency becomes smaller
43
In auditory space perception, you try to determine a sound’s
horizontal direction (azimuth) vertical direction distance
44
what provides more precise information about an objects location
vision
45
Why can we auditorily localize sounds at all?
Nothing on the basilar membrane directly indicates sound locations
46
what type of process is auditory space perception
binaural process
47
what is Interaural time difference
Unless a sound is directly in front of or behind you, it reaches two ears at different times (onset difference)
48
what impacts interaural time difference
onset difference phase difference
49
what is meant by phase difference for interaural time difference
The same sound will most likely be in different phases when it reaches each of the two ears
50
what is the phase difference less useful for
localising high frequency sounds
51
how can the onset difference be detected for interaural time difference
by simple delay line mechanism in the brain
52
what is Interaural intensity difference
The same sound should be a bit more intense at an ear that is closer to the sound source
53
why is there an Interaural intensity difference
The energy of a sound decreases as it travels farther the head works as a barrier that reduces the intensity of the sounds (sound shadow). this effect is more pronounced for high-frequency sounds
54
Interaural time difference (phase difference) is useful for
localizing low-frequency sounds
55
Interaural intensity difference is useful for localizing
high-frequency sounds
56
what works well for sounds in the middle range
neither cue works well for pure tones around 1000-3000Hz
57
what is the role of head movements
Head movements are generally helpful for auditory localization By changing the positions of the ears, you can experience changes in interaural time/intensity differences
58
what direction do humans perceive sound better
horizontal directions better than vertical directions through auditory cues
59
why can humans perceive horizontal sound better
pinnae are more effective in distinguishing front/back than above/below ear positions can be varied more freely along the horizontal dimension
60
Limits of auditory localisation
Most of the auditory localisation cues are dependent on the distance between a sound source and the ears. Because of this it is difficult to distinguish locations of sounds that are equidistant to an ear
61
Two cues for auditory distance perception
loudness the energy ratio of direct and reverberant sound
62
where is The energy ratio of direct and reverberant sound not available
in open spacw
63
When we have auditory cues only, we
underestimate the distance to a sound source
64
what happens when we can visually perceive where a sound “should be” coming from
it tends to override our auditory localization
65
what happens When we have some visual information about how a stimulus “should” sound
it strongly affects how we hear the stimulus
66
what is vision good for
a good source of spatial information
67
what is audition good for
good source of temporal information
68
what does auditory information influence
Auditory information can influence our visual perception by providing conflicting temporal information

pyb204 perception and cognition (12 decks)

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