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pyb204 perception and cognition > week 5: hearing > Flashcards

week 5: hearing Flashcards

1
Q

what is sound caused by

A

changes in air pressure

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2
Q

what are pressure waves characterised by

A

amplitude
frequency
phase

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3
Q

what is phase in pressure waves

A

position within a cycle

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4
Q

what is amplitude in pressure waves

A

related to loudness
decibels: dB

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5
Q

what is frequency in pressure waves

A

related to pitch
hertz: Hz

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6
Q

what is the simplest sound wave

A

a pure tone sine wave

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7
Q

what is the human hearing range

A

20-20000 Hz

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8
Q

what is the range most things are heard

A

80-1100 Hz

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9
Q

how are complex sounds built

A

from series of sine waves from varying amplitude, frequency, and phase

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10
Q

how do we decompose complex sounds into their sine wave components

A

a method called fourier analysis

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11
Q

what is The lowest frequency component of a complex sound is called

A

fundamental

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12
Q

components of the outer ear

A

pinna
external auditory canal
eardrum

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13
Q

what does the pinna do

A

increase the sound amplitude
helps determine the direction from which a sound is coming

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14
Q

what does the external auditory canal do

A

provides protection
increases the sound amplitude

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15
Q

what does the eardrum do

A

vibrates in response to sound waves
moves bones in the middle ear

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16
Q

what is the component and its component in the middle ear

A

ossicles:
- malleus
- incus
- stapes

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17
Q

what is the smallest bone in the human body

A

the ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes)

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18
Q

what do the ossicles do

A

transmit the vibration of the eardrum with some amplification into the choclea through lever actions
provide protection against high amplitude sounds

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19
Q

how do the ossicles provide protection against high amplitude sounds

A

muscles attached to the ossicles restrict the bones movements

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20
Q

the inner ear consists of

A

cochlea

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21
Q

what do the cochlea contain

A

auditory sensory receptors

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22
Q

what is the cochlea filled with

A

liquid, which moves in response to the vibrations coming from the middle ear

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23
Q

what are the 3 canals in the cochlea

A

vestibular canal
tympanic canal
cochlear duct

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24
Q

what are the inner ear canals separated by

A

reissners membrane
basilar membrane

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25
Q

where are auditory receptor cells (hair cells) located

A

basilar membrane in the cochlear duct

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26
Q

what do the reissners membrane and basilar membrane do

A

they vibrate in response to vibrations of the oval window

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27
Q

what happens when basilar membrane vibrates

A

hair cells are also set in motion and this converts the vibration into neural signals

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28
Q

Nerve fibres from each cochlea synapse in a number of sites on the way to the primary auditory cortex. What are these sites

A

the cochlear nucleus
the superior olivary nucleus
the inferior colliculus
the medial geniculate nucleus

29
Q

what does the signal that arrive at the cochlear nucleus do

A

the signal arriving at the cochlear nucleus splits and goes to each of the superior olivary nuclei. Beyond this point, input from both ears is present in both hemispheres

30
Q

what tasks cannot be performed without the cortex

A

discriminating the pattern of several tones
discriminating the duration of sounds
localising sounds in space

31
Q

what does speech perception require

A

structures beyond the primary auditoy cortex

32
Q

what does the cortex deal with

A

the cortex deals with more complex auditory tasks while the lower structures deal with simple aspects of sounds

33
Q

what identifies the frequency of a sound

A

the location of a peak

34
Q

When people have damage to a specific part of the cochlea, they tend to suffer from

A

frequency-specific hearing loss

35
Q

Stimulating auditory nerves at different cochlear locations leads to

A

perception of sounds in different pitch

36
Q

what happens to hair cells at different points on the basilar membrane

A

Hair cells are tuned to different ranges of frequency according to the location along the basilar membrane

37
Q

what happens if there is a missing fundamental

A

When higher-order harmonics are present in the absence of the fundamental (first harmonic), the missing fundamental is “filled in” and therefore is still perceived even when harmonics are presented to different ears

38
Q

Binaural pitch encoding

A

Structures beyond the cochlear nucleus should be contributing to pitch perception

39
Q

what are the 2 basic mechanisms for loudness perception

A

overall firing rates
range of firing

40
Q

Factors that affect loudness perception

A

Sound duration (longer = louder)
Frequency

41
Q

what type of sounds are perceived to be louder

A

higher frequency sounds (up to 5000Hz)
around 3000-5000Hz sounds are perceived to be the loudest

42
Q

what happens when the amplitude goes up

A

the effect of frequency becomes smaller

43
Q

In auditory space perception, you try to determine a sound’s

A

horizontal direction (azimuth)
vertical direction
distance

44
Q

what provides more precise information about an objects location

A

vision

45
Q

Why can we auditorily localize sounds at all?

A

Nothing on the basilar membrane directly indicates sound locations

46
Q

what type of process is auditory space perception

A

binaural process

47
Q

what is Interaural time difference

A

Unless a sound is directly in front of or behind you, it reaches two ears at different times (onset difference)

48
Q

what impacts interaural time difference

A

onset difference
phase difference

49
Q

what is meant by phase difference for interaural time difference

A

The same sound will most likely be in different phases when it reaches each of the two ears

50
Q

what is the phase difference less useful for

A

localising high frequency sounds

51
Q

how can the onset difference be detected for interaural time difference

A

by simple delay line mechanism in the brain

52
Q

what is Interaural intensity difference

A

The same sound should be a bit more intense at an ear that is closer to the sound source

53
Q

why is there an Interaural intensity difference

A

The energy of a sound decreases as it travels farther
the head works as a barrier that reduces the intensity of the sounds (sound shadow). this effect is more pronounced for high-frequency sounds

54
Q

Interaural time difference (phase difference) is useful for

A

localizing low-frequency sounds

55
Q

Interaural intensity difference is useful for localizing

A

high-frequency sounds

56
Q

what works well for sounds in the middle range

A

neither cue works well for pure tones around 1000-3000Hz

57
Q

what is the role of head movements

A

Head movements are generally helpful for auditory localization
By changing the positions of the ears, you can experience changes in interaural time/intensity differences

58
Q

what direction do humans perceive sound better

A

horizontal directions better than vertical directions through auditory cues

59
Q

why can humans perceive horizontal sound better

A

pinnae are more effective in distinguishing front/back than above/below
ear positions can be varied more freely along the horizontal dimension

60
Q

Limits of auditory localisation

A

Most of the auditory localisation cues are dependent on the distance between a sound source and the ears. Because of this it is difficult to distinguish locations of sounds that are equidistant to an ear

61
Q

Two cues for auditory distance perception

A

loudness
the energy ratio of direct and reverberant sound

62
Q

where is The energy ratio of direct and reverberant sound not available

A

in open spacw

63
Q

When we have auditory cues only, we

A

underestimate the distance to a sound source

64
Q

what happens when we can visually perceive where a sound “should be” coming from

A

it tends to override our auditory localization

65
Q

what happens When we have some visual information about how a stimulus “should” sound

A

it strongly affects how we hear the stimulus

66
Q

what is vision good for

A

a good source of spatial information

67
Q

what is audition good for

A

good source of temporal information

68
Q

what does auditory information influence

A

Auditory information can influence our visual perception by providing conflicting temporal information

pyb204 perception and cognition (12 decks)

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