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pyb204 perception and cognition > week 11: navigation > Flashcards

week 11: navigation Flashcards

1
Q

what is navigation

A

the behaviour used to find your way

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2
Q

types of navigation analysis

A

microscopic analysis
macroscopic analysis

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3
Q

how do you keep track of your own location and object locations as you move

A

small scale space
short time scale
perception

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4
Q

how do you use that memory to guide navigation

A

large scale space
long time scale
learning and memory

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5
Q

what is microscopic analysis: neural mechanisms of location tracking

A

how you move within a small scale space in a short time period

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6
Q

what part of the brain is involved in neural mechanisms of location tracking

A

the medial temporal lobe

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7
Q

components of the medial temporal lobe

A

perirhinal cortex
entorhinal cortex
hippocampus
parahippocampal cortex

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8
Q

what are the neurons in the medial temporal lobe

A

place cells

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9
Q

what do place cells do

A

place cells in the hippocampus fire when you are in specific locations within a given environment

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10
Q

what are place cells good at doing

A

they can tell you where you are

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11
Q

whats an issue with place cells

A

they can only tell you where you are at that particular moment

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12
Q

what can place cells alone not tell you

A

how you got there

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13
Q

what type of cell does trajectory tracking

A

grid cells

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14
Q

where are grid cells located

A

in the entorhinal cortex

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15
Q

what do grid cells do

A

fire when you occupy one of hexagonal grid points within a given environment

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16
Q

what does every grid cell have

A

multiple hot spots

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17
Q

other types of cells that have been discovered for neural mechanism of location tracking

A

head direction cells
spatial view cells
boundary cells

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18
Q

what do head direction cells do

A

indicating what direction your head is pointing to

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19
Q

what do spatial view cells do

A

tell you which way your eyes are pointing

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20
Q

what constitutes the neural basis of spatial navigation

A

place cells
grid cells
and other types of cells such as:
head direction cells
spatial view cells
boundary cells

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21
Q

what does early evidence suggest regarding location tracking in the human brain

A

that the systems of location tracking are shared across species (most studies are done on animals but should still apply to humans)

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22
Q

how far is our spatial updating behaviour good for

A

roughly up to 20 metres

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23
Q

how do we come to achieve such excellent spatial updating behaviour

A

we learn through moving through the space
mental imagery and top down control
observing others walking/moving (imitation)

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24
Q

what did the Klatzky et all experiment for spatial updating behaviour look at (triangle completion task)

A

actual walking
simulated walking (no body movement)
simulated walking with physical turning
watching someone walking
listening to the description of the path

25
Q

what happened in the Klatzky et al experiment

A

only 2 out of the 5 participants managed to do the task. The other 3 participants weren’t even close

26
Q

what conditions were effective in the klatzky experiment

A

when the participants physically walked
simulated walking with physical turning

27
Q

what is critical for us to track our location and direction

A

physical movement

28
Q

what was a conclusion from the kaltzky study

A

when it comes to human location tracking, info from the human body is severely important

29
Q

whats an example of passive navigation

A

being pushed in a wheel chair

30
Q

what type of controlled walking enhanced spatial updating

A

active more than passive

31
Q

what is the conclusion for spatial updating behaviour studies

A

when you control your body movement more actively you are gaining higher quality information about your location

32
Q

if a patient has damage to their medial temporal lobe what happens

A

their spatial updating behaviour gets worse

33
Q

what side of the medial temporal lobe, when damaged is associated with higher errors in spatial updating behaviour

A

the right side of the temporal lobe (though both are bad the right is worse)

34
Q

what happens to epilepsy patients who surgically removed their MTL (typically only one hemisphere)

A

they tend to walk too far eg. farther than the controls

35
Q

what study looked at large scale navigation

A

Ishikawa et al study

36
Q

what was the Ishikawa study

A

participants learned the layout of a residential neighbourhood by walking prescribed paths in 3 different ways

37
Q

what were the 3 different ways participants walked around the neighbourhood in the Ishikawa study

A

finding the paths by reading a paper map
using a GPS
being guided along the paths first, and subsequently following remembered paths by themselves

38
Q

what did the Ishikawa study find

A

that GPS users performed less well than those with maps and using memory

39
Q

how did the GPS users perform less well in the Ishikawa study

A

they walked longer distance and made more stops
their memory for the neighbourhood layout was less accurate

40
Q

what issues was seen with the gps users

A

depth processing issue and therefore memory issue

41
Q

what are the 2 systems of large scale navigation

A

place learning
response learning

42
Q

what is place learning

A

identify object locations within a larger environmental framework

43
Q

how is knowledge acquired for place learning

A

rapidly acquired

44
Q

what does place learning allow

A

flexible behaviour eg. short cutting

45
Q

what does place learning require

A

requires conscious retrieval

46
Q

what is place learning navigation susceptible to

A

forgetting

47
Q

what type of memory is place learning navigation

A

declarative memory based

48
Q

what type of system is place learning dependent on

A

medial temporal lobe

49
Q

what is response learning

A

perform a specific sequence of action

50
Q

how is response learning navigation learnt

A

slowly

51
Q

what type of behaviour is only possible from response learning navigation

A

rigid behvaiour

52
Q

what does response learning navigation not require

A

conscious awareness

53
Q

how long does reponse learning navigation last

A

much longer lasting than place learning

54
Q

what type of memory does reponse learning navigation use

A

procedural memory based

55
Q

what system is used for response learning navigation

A

caudate dependent system

56
Q

how is geographical information represented for memory

A

in a hierarchical structure

57
Q

judgements about spatial relations are:

A

biased by higher-order information (eg. which state a city belongs to)

58
Q

how does memory for geographical information tend to be biased

A

it is not like a real map at all
these biases affect how people navigate by using their memories for places and locations

pyb204 perception and cognition (12 decks)

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