week 11: navigation

Question 1

what is navigation

Answer 1

the behaviour used to find your way

Question 2

types of navigation analysis

Answer 2

microscopic analysis
macroscopic analysis

Question 3

how do you keep track of your own location and object locations as you move

Answer 3

small scale space
short time scale
perception

Question 4

how do you use that memory to guide navigation

Answer 4

large scale space
long time scale
learning and memory

Question 5

what is microscopic analysis: neural mechanisms of location tracking

Answer 5

how you move within a small scale space in a short time period

Question 6

what part of the brain is involved in neural mechanisms of location tracking

Answer 6

the medial temporal lobe

Question 7

components of the medial temporal lobe

Answer 7

perirhinal cortex
entorhinal cortex
hippocampus
parahippocampal cortex

Question 8

what are the neurons in the medial temporal lobe

Answer 8

place cells

Question 9

what do place cells do

Answer 9

place cells in the hippocampus fire when you are in specific locations within a given environment

Question 10

what are place cells good at doing

Answer 10

they can tell you where you are

Question 11

whats an issue with place cells

Answer 11

they can only tell you where you are at that particular moment

Question 12

what can place cells alone not tell you

Answer 12

how you got there

Question 13

what type of cell does trajectory tracking

Answer 13

grid cells

Question 14

where are grid cells located

Answer 14

in the entorhinal cortex

Question 15

what do grid cells do

Answer 15

fire when you occupy one of hexagonal grid points within a given environment

Question 16

what does every grid cell have

Answer 16

multiple hot spots

Question 17

other types of cells that have been discovered for neural mechanism of location tracking

Answer 17

head direction cells
spatial view cells
boundary cells

Question 18

what do head direction cells do

Answer 18

indicating what direction your head is pointing to

Question 19

what do spatial view cells do

Answer 19

tell you which way your eyes are pointing

Question 20

what constitutes the neural basis of spatial navigation

Answer 20

place cells
grid cells
and other types of cells such as:
head direction cells
spatial view cells
boundary cells

Question 21

what does early evidence suggest regarding location tracking in the human brain

Answer 21

that the systems of location tracking are shared across species (most studies are done on animals but should still apply to humans)

Question 22

how far is our spatial updating behaviour good for

Answer 22

roughly up to 20 metres

Question 23

how do we come to achieve such excellent spatial updating behaviour

Answer 23

we learn through moving through the space
mental imagery and top down control
observing others walking/moving (imitation)

Question 24

what did the Klatzky et all experiment for spatial updating behaviour look at (triangle completion task)

Answer 24

actual walking
simulated walking (no body movement)
simulated walking with physical turning
watching someone walking
listening to the description of the path

Question 25

what happened in the Klatzky et al experiment

Answer 25

only 2 out of the 5 participants managed to do the task. The other 3 participants weren't even close

Question 26

what conditions were effective in the klatzky experiment

Answer 26

when the participants physically walked simulated walking with physical turning

Question 27

what is critical for us to track our location and direction

Answer 27

physical movement

Question 28

what was a conclusion from the kaltzky study

Answer 28

when it comes to human location tracking, info from the human body is severely important

Question 29

whats an example of passive navigation

Answer 29

being pushed in a wheel chair

Question 30

what type of controlled walking enhanced spatial updating

Answer 30

active more than passive

Question 31

what is the conclusion for spatial updating behaviour studies

Answer 31

when you control your body movement more actively you are gaining higher quality information about your location

Question 32

if a patient has damage to their medial temporal lobe what happens

Answer 32

their spatial updating behaviour gets worse

Question 33

what side of the medial temporal lobe, when damaged is associated with higher errors in spatial updating behaviour

Answer 33

the right side of the temporal lobe (though both are bad the right is worse)

Question 34

what happens to epilepsy patients who surgically removed their MTL (typically only one hemisphere)

Answer 34

they tend to walk too far eg. farther than the controls

Question 35

what study looked at large scale navigation

Answer 35

Ishikawa et al study

Question 36

what was the Ishikawa study

Answer 36

participants learned the layout of a residential neighbourhood by walking prescribed paths in 3 different ways

Question 37

what were the 3 different ways participants walked around the neighbourhood in the Ishikawa study

Answer 37

finding the paths by reading a paper map using a GPS being guided along the paths first, and subsequently following remembered paths by themselves

Question 38

what did the Ishikawa study find

Answer 38

that GPS users performed less well than those with maps and using memory

Question 39

how did the GPS users perform less well in the Ishikawa study

Answer 39

they walked longer distance and made more stops their memory for the neighbourhood layout was less accurate

Question 40

what issues was seen with the gps users

Answer 40

depth processing issue and therefore memory issue

Question 41

what are the 2 systems of large scale navigation

Answer 41

place learning response learning

Question 42

what is place learning

Answer 42

identify object locations within a larger environmental framework

Question 43

how is knowledge acquired for place learning

Answer 43

rapidly acquired

Question 44

what does place learning allow

Answer 44

flexible behaviour eg. short cutting

Question 45

what does place learning require

Answer 45

requires conscious retrieval

Question 46

what is place learning navigation susceptible to

Answer 46

forgetting

Question 47

what type of memory is place learning navigation

Answer 47

declarative memory based

Question 48

what type of system is place learning dependent on

Answer 48

medial temporal lobe

Question 49

what is response learning

Answer 49

perform a specific sequence of action

Question 50

how is response learning navigation learnt

Answer 50

slowly

Question 51

what type of behaviour is only possible from response learning navigation

Answer 51

rigid behvaiour

Question 52

what does response learning navigation not require

Answer 52

conscious awareness

Question 53

how long does reponse learning navigation last

Answer 53

much longer lasting than place learning

Question 54

what type of memory does reponse learning navigation use

Answer 54

procedural memory based

Question 55

what system is used for response learning navigation

Answer 55

caudate dependent system

Question 56

how is geographical information represented for memory

Answer 56

in a hierarchical structure

Question 57

judgements about spatial relations are:

Answer 57

biased by higher-order information (eg. which state a city belongs to)

Question 58

how does memory for geographical information tend to be biased

Answer 58

it is not like a real map at all these biases affect how people navigate by using their memories for places and locations