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pyb204 perception and cognition > week 12 part 2: psycholinguistics > Flashcards

week 12 part 2: psycholinguistics Flashcards

1
Q

what is psycholinguistics

A

the psychology of our language as it interacts with the human mind

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2
Q

perspectives of psycholinguistics

A

production: speaking, writing, signing
perception: speech, reading (by sight or touch)

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3
Q

for your native language, how does parsing occur

A

incredibly quickly and accurately

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4
Q

what is the most important form of auditory perception for humans

A

speech perception

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5
Q

speech perception characteristics

A

it is both:
incremental
predictive

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6
Q

what is incremental

A

processing occurs while a word is being attended to

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7
Q

what is predictive

A

listeners devote resources during sentence processing to predicting upcoming words or phrases

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8
Q

speech perception processing stages

A

select relevant speech signal
decoding (extracting phonemes, allophones or syllables)
segmentation (word recognition/lexical retrieval)
interpretation (reconstruct meaning)
integrate (with previous speech to construct overall message)

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9
Q

why is speech perception different from music perception

A

because its noisy under certain conditions which makes speech segmentation difficult
there is co-articulation
speakers produce 10 phemones per second and most will be lost within 50ms if not rapidly processed

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10
Q

what is co-articulation

A

pronunciation of a phoneme depends on the preceding and following phonemes

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11
Q

helpful cues for speech perception

A

lipreading
sentence context
prosody

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12
Q

why is lipreading helpful in speech perception

A

listeners make extensive use of lip-reading when listening to speech to predictively anticipate the next sound

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13
Q

why is sentence context a helpful cue for speech perception

A

influences phoneme perception and so rapidly influences spoken word perception

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14
Q

why might prosody be helpful in speech perception

A

intonation helps to direct attention to the potentially most informative parts of speech

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15
Q

word recognition is:

A

automatic

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16
Q

average words per minute uni students can read

A

300

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17
Q

what are poor readers at risk for

A

limited educational prospects, under employment, poverty, incarceration and adverse psychological outcomes

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18
Q

what makes reading rate (words/min) vary

A

deciding a word is familiar
accessing a words name
accessing its meaning

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19
Q

what does reading involve

A

orthography
phonology
semantics
syntax
higher level discourse integration

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20
Q

what is orthography

A

the spelling of words

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21
Q

what is phonology

A

the sounds of words

22
Q

what are semantics

A

words meaning

23
Q

what is a problem with reading in english

A

the relationship between orthography and phonology is less consistent in english rather than other languages

24
Q

when people are reading do they fixate on all words

A

no, they focus primarily on function words which is 20% of words

25
Q

how long does it take to complete saccades (eye scanning)

A

20-30ms

26
Q

what does the cambridge email demonstrate for orthographic processing in reading

A

it indicates that a printed word with the position of its letters changed can be successfully matched with the words orthographic representation stored in a readers memory
eg. aslong as the 1st and last letter of the word are correct the rest can be mixed and we will recognise the word

27
Q

what is the cmabridge email show

A

that we dont read by letter by letter assembly or fixating at whole words

28
Q

what does the automaticity of reading words aid in

A

letter identification/orthographic processing

29
Q

what is the word superiority effect

A

eaders can more accurately identify letters in a word than alone

30
Q

what type of process is the word superiority effect

A

top down process from the word to letter level

31
Q

what did the stroop test find

A

that the automaticity of reading words hinders task performance in the stroop test and that reading words cannot be prevented even when it neg impacts task performance
eg. when word ‘blue’ was written in green font they will take longer to identify

32
Q

what is the stroop test used for

A

EF
attention

33
Q

is phonology necessary for reading

A

not necessarily

34
Q

what is the relationship between working memory and reading

A

relationship is indirect rather than direct
WM capacity influences reading comprehension bc it correlates with other reading relevant factors eg. vocabulary, reading experience

35
Q

how do we measure working memory

A

reading span test

36
Q

what is inferential processing in text reading

A

readers with better skills draw on more inferences than other readers eg. things that arent explicitly stated but assumed by the text

37
Q

how do braille readers read

A

they have to read serially rather than parallel eg. they cant skip letters or filler words they have to read it all

38
Q

what do braille readers find challenging

A

the cambridge email as they find transposed letters harder to process

39
Q

why is there not much research on language production

A

because its hard to build controlled experiments with production

40
Q

why is it hard to build controlled experiments for language production

A

issue with name agreement eg. might say lounge instead of couch

41
Q

what do dual task paradigms show

A

that speech production is more demanding than comprehension

42
Q

how do we study speech production

A

look at speech errors from both healthy and neurological disorder individuals

43
Q

how might we classify speech errors

A

units
mechanisms

44
Q

examples of classification of speech errors into units

A

phrases, words (eg. pass the pepper instead of pass the salt)
morphemes, phonemes (eg. flock of bats instead of block of flats)
features (eg. turn the knop instead of knob)

45
Q

examples of classification of speech errors into mechanisms

A

anticipations (the mirst of may instead of first)
perseverations (kicking tin tan instead of can)
exchanges (guess whose mind came to name instead of name came to mind)
substitution (get me a fork instead of knife)
blends (blending 2 words together)

46
Q

you have hissed my mystery lecture is what type of speech error

A

spoonerism

47
Q

what are spoonerisms

A

exchange errors involving the initial consonants of words

48
Q

what do speech errors exhibit

A

a lexical bias effect
eg. they tend to result in real words more often than nonwords

49
Q

what is a tip-of-the-tongue state

A

is a noticeable temporary failure to speach, where the word can take considerable time to be produced, if at all

50
Q

why do we do verbal self-monitoring when speaking

A

to prevent errors

51
Q

what do speakers monitor

A

both their inner and their overt speech

52
Q

what does monitoring of the overt speech involve

A

auditory feedback (hearing)

pyb204 perception and cognition (12 decks)

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