week 12 part 2: psycholinguistics

Question 1

what is psycholinguistics

Answer 1

the psychology of our language as it interacts with the human mind

Question 2

perspectives of psycholinguistics

Answer 2

production: speaking, writing, signing
perception: speech, reading (by sight or touch)

Question 3

for your native language, how does parsing occur

Answer 3

incredibly quickly and accurately

Question 4

what is the most important form of auditory perception for humans

Answer 4

speech perception

Question 5

speech perception characteristics

Answer 5

it is both:
incremental
predictive

Question 6

what is incremental

Answer 6

processing occurs while a word is being attended to

Question 7

what is predictive

Answer 7

listeners devote resources during sentence processing to predicting upcoming words or phrases

Question 8

speech perception processing stages

Answer 8

select relevant speech signal
decoding (extracting phonemes, allophones or syllables)
segmentation (word recognition/lexical retrieval)
interpretation (reconstruct meaning)
integrate (with previous speech to construct overall message)

Question 9

why is speech perception different from music perception

Answer 9

because its noisy under certain conditions which makes speech segmentation difficult
there is co-articulation
speakers produce 10 phemones per second and most will be lost within 50ms if not rapidly processed

Question 10

what is co-articulation

Answer 10

pronunciation of a phoneme depends on the preceding and following phonemes

Question 11

helpful cues for speech perception

Answer 11

lipreading
sentence context
prosody

Question 12

why is lipreading helpful in speech perception

Answer 12

listeners make extensive use of lip-reading when listening to speech to predictively anticipate the next sound

Question 13

why is sentence context a helpful cue for speech perception

Answer 13

influences phoneme perception and so rapidly influences spoken word perception

Question 14

why might prosody be helpful in speech perception

Answer 14

intonation helps to direct attention to the potentially most informative parts of speech

Question 15

word recognition is:

Answer 15

automatic

Question 16

average words per minute uni students can read

Answer 16

300

Question 17

what are poor readers at risk for

Answer 17

limited educational prospects, under employment, poverty, incarceration and adverse psychological outcomes

Question 18

what makes reading rate (words/min) vary

Answer 18

deciding a word is familiar
accessing a words name
accessing its meaning

Question 19

what does reading involve

Answer 19

orthography
phonology
semantics
syntax
higher level discourse integration

Question 20

what is orthography

Answer 20

the spelling of words

Question 21

what is phonology

Answer 21

the sounds of words

Question 22

what are semantics

Answer 22

words meaning

Question 23

what is a problem with reading in english

Answer 23

the relationship between orthography and phonology is less consistent in english rather than other languages

Question 24

when people are reading do they fixate on all words

Answer 24

no, they focus primarily on function words which is 20% of words

Question 25

how long does it take to complete saccades (eye scanning)

Answer 25

20-30ms

Question 26

what does the cambridge email demonstrate for orthographic processing in reading

Answer 26

it indicates that a printed word with the position of its letters changed can be successfully matched with the words orthographic representation stored in a readers memory eg. aslong as the 1st and last letter of the word are correct the rest can be mixed and we will recognise the word

Question 27

what is the cmabridge email show

Answer 27

that we dont read by letter by letter assembly or fixating at whole words

Question 28

what does the automaticity of reading words aid in

Answer 28

letter identification/orthographic processing

Question 29

what is the word superiority effect

Answer 29

eaders can more accurately identify letters in a word than alone

Question 30

what type of process is the word superiority effect

Answer 30

top down process from the word to letter level

Question 31

what did the stroop test find

Answer 31

that the automaticity of reading words hinders task performance in the stroop test and that reading words cannot be prevented even when it neg impacts task performance eg. when word 'blue' was written in green font they will take longer to identify

Question 32

what is the stroop test used for

Answer 32

EF attention

Question 33

is phonology necessary for reading

Answer 33

not necessarily

Question 34

what is the relationship between working memory and reading

Answer 34

relationship is indirect rather than direct WM capacity influences reading comprehension bc it correlates with other reading relevant factors eg. vocabulary, reading experience

Question 35

how do we measure working memory

Answer 35

reading span test

Question 36

what is inferential processing in text reading

Answer 36

readers with better skills draw on more inferences than other readers eg. things that arent explicitly stated but assumed by the text

Question 37

how do braille readers read

Answer 37

they have to read serially rather than parallel eg. they cant skip letters or filler words they have to read it all

Question 38

what do braille readers find challenging

Answer 38

the cambridge email as they find transposed letters harder to process

Question 39

why is there not much research on language production

Answer 39

because its hard to build controlled experiments with production

Question 40

why is it hard to build controlled experiments for language production

Answer 40

issue with name agreement eg. might say lounge instead of couch

Question 41

what do dual task paradigms show

Answer 41

that speech production is more demanding than comprehension

Question 42

how do we study speech production

Answer 42

look at speech errors from both healthy and neurological disorder individuals

Question 43

how might we classify speech errors

Answer 43

units mechanisms

Question 44

examples of classification of speech errors into units

Answer 44

phrases, words (eg. pass the pepper instead of pass the salt) morphemes, phonemes (eg. flock of bats instead of block of flats) features (eg. turn the knop instead of knob)

Question 45

examples of classification of speech errors into mechanisms

Answer 45

anticipations (the mirst of may instead of first) perseverations (kicking tin tan instead of can) exchanges (guess whose mind came to name instead of name came to mind) substitution (get me a fork instead of knife) blends (blending 2 words together)

Question 46

you have hissed my mystery lecture is what type of speech error

Answer 46

spoonerism

Question 47

what are spoonerisms

Answer 47

exchange errors involving the initial consonants of words

Question 48

what do speech errors exhibit

Answer 48

a lexical bias effect eg. they tend to result in real words more often than nonwords

Question 49

what is a tip-of-the-tongue state

Answer 49

is a noticeable temporary failure to speach, where the word can take considerable time to be produced, if at all

Question 50

why do we do verbal self-monitoring when speaking

Answer 50

to prevent errors

Question 51

what do speakers monitor

Answer 51

both their inner and their overt speech

Question 52

what does monitoring of the overt speech involve

Answer 52

auditory feedback (hearing)