week 12 part 2: psycholinguistics Flashcards
what is psycholinguistics
the psychology of our language as it interacts with the human mind
perspectives of psycholinguistics
production: speaking, writing, signing
perception: speech, reading (by sight or touch)
for your native language, how does parsing occur
incredibly quickly and accurately
what is the most important form of auditory perception for humans
speech perception
speech perception characteristics
it is both:
incremental
predictive
what is incremental
processing occurs while a word is being attended to
what is predictive
listeners devote resources during sentence processing to predicting upcoming words or phrases
speech perception processing stages
select relevant speech signal
decoding (extracting phonemes, allophones or syllables)
segmentation (word recognition/lexical retrieval)
interpretation (reconstruct meaning)
integrate (with previous speech to construct overall message)
why is speech perception different from music perception
because its noisy under certain conditions which makes speech segmentation difficult
there is co-articulation
speakers produce 10 phemones per second and most will be lost within 50ms if not rapidly processed
what is co-articulation
pronunciation of a phoneme depends on the preceding and following phonemes
helpful cues for speech perception
lipreading
sentence context
prosody
why is lipreading helpful in speech perception
listeners make extensive use of lip-reading when listening to speech to predictively anticipate the next sound
why is sentence context a helpful cue for speech perception
influences phoneme perception and so rapidly influences spoken word perception
why might prosody be helpful in speech perception
intonation helps to direct attention to the potentially most informative parts of speech
word recognition is:
automatic
average words per minute uni students can read
300
what are poor readers at risk for
limited educational prospects, under employment, poverty, incarceration and adverse psychological outcomes
what makes reading rate (words/min) vary
deciding a word is familiar
accessing a words name
accessing its meaning
what does reading involve
orthography
phonology
semantics
syntax
higher level discourse integration
what is orthography
the spelling of words
what is phonology
the sounds of words
what are semantics
words meaning
what is a problem with reading in english
the relationship between orthography and phonology is less consistent in english rather than other languages
when people are reading do they fixate on all words
no, they focus primarily on function words which is 20% of words
how long does it take to complete saccades (eye scanning)
20-30ms
what does the cambridge email demonstrate for orthographic processing in reading
it indicates that a printed word with the position of its letters changed can be successfully matched with the words orthographic representation stored in a readers memory
eg. aslong as the 1st and last letter of the word are correct the rest can be mixed and we will recognise the word
what is the cmabridge email show
that we dont read by letter by letter assembly or fixating at whole words
what does the automaticity of reading words aid in
letter identification/orthographic processing
what is the word superiority effect
eaders can more accurately identify letters in a word than alone
what type of process is the word superiority effect
top down process from the word to letter level
what did the stroop test find
that the automaticity of reading words hinders task performance in the stroop test and that reading words cannot be prevented even when it neg impacts task performance
eg. when word ‘blue’ was written in green font they will take longer to identify
what is the stroop test used for
EF
attention
is phonology necessary for reading
not necessarily
what is the relationship between working memory and reading
relationship is indirect rather than direct
WM capacity influences reading comprehension bc it correlates with other reading relevant factors eg. vocabulary, reading experience
how do we measure working memory
reading span test
what is inferential processing in text reading
readers with better skills draw on more inferences than other readers eg. things that arent explicitly stated but assumed by the text
how do braille readers read
they have to read serially rather than parallel eg. they cant skip letters or filler words they have to read it all
what do braille readers find challenging
the cambridge email as they find transposed letters harder to process
why is there not much research on language production
because its hard to build controlled experiments with production
why is it hard to build controlled experiments for language production
issue with name agreement eg. might say lounge instead of couch
what do dual task paradigms show
that speech production is more demanding than comprehension
how do we study speech production
look at speech errors from both healthy and neurological disorder individuals
how might we classify speech errors
units
mechanisms
examples of classification of speech errors into units
phrases, words (eg. pass the pepper instead of pass the salt)
morphemes, phonemes (eg. flock of bats instead of block of flats)
features (eg. turn the knop instead of knob)
examples of classification of speech errors into mechanisms
anticipations (the mirst of may instead of first)
perseverations (kicking tin tan instead of can)
exchanges (guess whose mind came to name instead of name came to mind)
substitution (get me a fork instead of knife)
blends (blending 2 words together)
you have hissed my mystery lecture is what type of speech error
spoonerism
what are spoonerisms
exchange errors involving the initial consonants of words
what do speech errors exhibit
a lexical bias effect
eg. they tend to result in real words more often than nonwords
what is a tip-of-the-tongue state
is a noticeable temporary failure to speach, where the word can take considerable time to be produced, if at all
why do we do verbal self-monitoring when speaking
to prevent errors
what do speakers monitor
both their inner and their overt speech
what does monitoring of the overt speech involve
auditory feedback (hearing)
