Week 7

Question 1

Used to examine the effects of exposure to a variable of interest that is not under the control of the researcher

Answer 1

Observational research

Question 2

Start by first identifying the determinant or risk factor and then follow the participants overtime until they develop the outcome

Answer 2

Prospective research design

Question 3

Start by first identifying the outcome and then looking backwards in time to see if they can find the determinant or risk factor that contributed to the outcome

Answer 3

Retrospective research design

Question 4

Used when researchers initially suspect there is an association between exposure and outcome at the population, community, or country level

Answer 4

Ecological (ecologic) research design

Question 5

Often used to measure the association in an ecological research study, despite existing literature questioning the appropriateness of the statistical procedure

Answer 5

Correlational analysis

Question 6

The assumption that the relationship that exists for groups is assumed to also be true for individuals

Answer 6

Ecological fallacy

Question 7

Used when a researcher is determining simultaneously the exposure and outcome for everyone in the study

Answer 7

Cross-sectional research design

Question 8

Related to both the exposure variable and the outcome variable, causing a spurious relationship

Answer 8

Confounding variables

Question 9

In which the relationship between the exposure variable and outcome variable is due to a third variable, which is referred to as a confounding variable

Answer 9

Spurious relationship

Question 10

The number of cases in a population in a specific time period, expressed as the proportion of the total population at risk for the condition

Answer 10

Prevalence

Question 11

Both individuals who have and who have not been exposed or followed overtime until the outcome of interest occurs

Answer 11

Cohort research design

Question 12

The occurrence of new cases of the outcome

Answer 12

Incidents

Question 13

The number of new cases arising in a given period in a specified population and is usually expressed as number of cases per 1000

Answer 13

Incident rate

Question 14

Used to measure the association in a cohort research study design

Answer 14

Relative risk (RR)

Question 15

Individuals are selected based on the outcome and are compared to individuals who do not have the outcome (controls), according to past history of exposure to a disease, toxin, or an event

Answer 15

Case control research design

Question 16

Refers to the selection of persons to include to serve as controls that are similar to the cases

Answer 16

Matching

Question 17

Used to measure the association in a case control research design study

Answer 17

Odds ratio (OR)

Question 18

Refers to the extent to which the researcher can generalize the studies findings beyond those persons included in the study

Answer 18

External validity

Question 19

A type of observational research in which respondents are asked a series of questions

Answer 19

Survey research

Question 20

Occurs when researchers survey a sample of the population instead of conducting a census

Answer 20

Sampling error

Question 21

Involves collecting data from everyone in the population

Answer 21

Census

Question 22

Results in chance variations in individual responses around the actual or true values of what is observed for the group

Answer 22

Random error

Question 23

Also called systematic bias, is consistent, repeatable error, associated with faulty measurement instruments or flaw procedures associated with the data collection

Answer 23

Systematic error

Question 24

Occurs when researchers do not have a complete list of names of the individuals in the sampling frame from which the sample is drawn

Answer 24

Coverage error

Question 25

Error associated with the observation itself

Answer 25

Measurement error

Question 26

Occurs when all prospective respondents did not respond to the survey

Answer 26

Non-response error

Question 27

Administering a survey only at one point in time. Does not allow you to assess changes in the construct of interest.

Answer 27

Cross-sectional survey design

Question 28

Administering a survey at multiple points in time. Allows you to assess changes in the construct of interest.

Answer 28

Longitudinal survey design

Question 29

Require the respondents to respond to the question in their own words

Answer 29

Open ended questions

Question 30

Have a list of responses from which the respondents choose their response

Answer 30

Close ended questions

Question 31

Sometimes referred to as “ two in one questions” as they ask multiple questions in a single question

Answer 31

Double barreled questions

Question 32

The tendency to give socially acceptable responses

Answer 32

Social desirability

Question 33

The tendency of persons to respond in a positive manner to a question regardless of the question being asked

Answer 33

Acquiescent response bias

Question 34

In which the individual does not receive assistance from others when completing the survey

Answer 34

Self administered survey

Question 35

Ones that are mailed to the prospective respondents

Answer 35

Mailed surveys

Question 36

An effective way of increasing the response rate and usually sent within 2 to 3 weeks after the original survey was sent

Answer 36

Follow up mailing

Question 37

Ones in which prospective respondents are interviewed by a trained interviewer over the telephone

Answer 37

Telephone surveys

Question 38

A method of selecting individuals to participate in the telephone survey by generating telephone numbers at random

Answer 38

Random digit dialing (RDD)

Question 39

Conducted via email or websites

Answer 39

Online surveys

Question 40

Calculated by dividing the number of completed surveys by the number of surveys that were sent

Answer 40

Response rate

Question 41

Occurs when there is a significant difference between those who completed the survey and those who did not

Answer 41

Nonresponse bias