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MICRB 265 > Week 7 > Flashcards

Week 7 Flashcards

1
Q

oxidative phosporylation (def.)

A

using reducing power from glycolysis + krebs cycle (citric acid cycle) to generate proton motive force which is used to make ATP

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2
Q

aerobic respiration (def.)

A

use of O2 as final electron acceptor; uses ETC

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3
Q

anaerobic respiration (def.)

A

use of an inorganic molecule other than oxygen as final electron acceptor; uses ETC (ex. NO3-, SO42-, CO2, Fe3+), uses ETC

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4
Q

fermentation (def.)

A

not a respiration (doesn’t uses ETC); use of an organic molecule as final electron acceptor (ex. pyruvate)
-no ETC, no PMF, no oxidative phosphorylation

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5
Q

ETC is located where?

A

-plasma membranes of chemoorganotrophs in bacteria and archaeal cells
-internal mitochondrial membranes in eukaryotic cells

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6
Q

ETC generally contains _______

A

Complexes I, II, III, IV

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7
Q

ETC is a series of _____ operating together to do what?

A

-e- carriers
-transfer electrons from NADH and FADH2 to a terminal e- acceptor (O2, NO3-, SO42-. CO2)

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8
Q

e- flow in ETC from carriers with ______ to _____

A

-more negative reduction potentials (E0) to carriers with more positive E0

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9
Q

entry point of ETC is at either _____, both reduce _____, electrons come from ____ and protons come from ____

A
  • Complex I or Complex II,
    -ubiquinone (Q) to ubiquinol (QH2)
    -NADH or FADH2
    -cytoplasm
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10
Q

ETC: Complex I takes 2 electrons from _______ in the cytoplasm, Also undergoes conformational changes that pump _____

A

-NADH, leaving H+ and NAD+
-4 H+ to the periplasm

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11
Q

ETC: Complex II is the ______ complex, part of the _____; gives 2e- to _____

A

-succinate dehydrogenase (doesn’t add to PMP)
-citric acid cycle (makes FADH2)
-ubiquinone

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12
Q

Even though both NADH and FADH2 only give 2 e- to _____,
NADH produces ______

A

-ubiquinone
-more energy overall because of additional 4 H+

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13
Q

Complex III takes 2 e- and 2 H+ from _____, plus an additional 2 H+ as part of the Q cycle (transfers e- to ______, transfers H+ to ____). Cytochrome C shuttles e- to _____. Complex IV reduces _____, causes _____ to move from cytoplasm to periplasm

A

-ubiquinol (from cytoplasm)
-cytochrome C
-cytosol/periplasm
-Complex IV
-final electron acceptor
-2 more H+

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14
Q

ETC summary (H+)

A

-Complex I (pumps 4H+)
-Complex III (pumps 4H+)
-Complex IV (pumps 2H+)

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15
Q

ETC net result

A
  • for every 2 e transported from NADH to O2, 10 H+ are transported
  • for every 2 e transported from FADH2 to O2, 6 H+ are transported
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16
Q

ATP synthase

A

-Fo in membrane; F1 in cytoplasm (catalytic component)
-ATP synthase can go backwards
-C protein spins gama to spin -> conformational change (ADP-> ATP)
-a/B after rotation of shaft gamma (y)

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17
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation take _____ ions to make one ATP

A

-~3 H+ (not exact)

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18
Q

Glycolysis + citric acid cycle yields a potential _____ per glucose (____ from substrate level phosphorylation and ___ from oxidative phosphorylation)

A

-38 ATP
-4
-34

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19
Q

Factors affecting ATP yield

A
  • PMF is also used for other things (motility, active transport)
  • Intermediates may be used to synthesize other molecules
  • ETC may be shorter in some bacteria/archaea
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20
Q

Fermentation can occur when: ______

A

-there is an abundant supply of sugars
-Can also occur when ETC is unusable (i.e. there is no oxygen)

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21
Q

Fermentation: sufficient ATP is generated by _____; The final electron acceptor is an _____

A

-glycolysis
-organic molecule (i.e. pyruvate)

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22
Q

Lactic acid fermentation

A

pyruvate —> lactate (NADH -> NAD+)
-glycolysis: glucose -> 2 pyruvate (make 2ATP, 2NADH)
-2 pyruvate + 2 NADH = 2 lactate + 2 NAD+

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23
Q

fermentation that produces ______: alcohol/bread/beverages

A

CO2 AND H2

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24
Q

fermentation that produces ______: alcoholic fermentation

A

ethanol

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25
Q

fermentation that produces ______: cheese and yogurt but also food spoilage

A

lactic acid

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26
Q

alcoholic fermentation makes _____. homolactic? heterolactic?

A

-2 ethanol + 2 CO2
-2 lactate + 2H+
-lactate + ethanol + CO2

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27
Q

chemolithotroph can’t undergo _____

A

fermentation

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28
Q

E.coli aerobic respiration is when _____. descr.

A

-O2 is present
-Complex I (pumps 4H+), Complex II, Cytochrome bo3 (hybrid complex III & IV) (pumps 4H+)
-NADH: 8 H+, FADH2: 4 H+

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29
Q

E.coli anaerobic respiration is when _____. descr.

A

-O2 is absent but NO3- is present
-Complex I (pumps 4H+), Complex II, nitrate reductase (hybrid complex III & IV) (pumps 2 H+)
-NADH: 6 H+, FADH2: 2 H+

30
Q

Chemolithotrophs get reducing power from ____; almost all are ____

A

-oxidation of inorganic molecules
-extremophiles

31
Q

examples of chemolithotrophs (3) + source of e-

A

-iron bacteria (Fe2+)
-nitrifying bacteria (NO2-)
-chemotropic purple sulfur bacteria (S2-)

32
Q

iron-reducing bacteria has ____

A

electrically conductive pili (has Fe3+ containing minerals), e- travel out through conductive pili to reduce iron oxide minerals outside the cell

33
Q

Phototrophy (def.)

A

use of light to make chemical energy (ATP and NAD(P)H)

34
Q

oxygenic photosynthesis uses _____ as an electron donor and
makes ____ (ex. _______)

A

-water
-O2
-eukaryotes and cyanobacteria

35
Q

anoxygenic photosynthesis typically uses ____ as an electron
donor to make ____ (ex. ________)

A

-sulfide
-sulfate
-purple and green sulfur bacteria)

36
Q

nonphotosynthetic phototrophs use _____ to generate _____ (ex. ______)—> still uses ____

A

-bacteriorhodopsin
-PMF
-some bacteria like Roseobacter and some archaea, like the
halophiles)
-light but they don’t undergo photosynthesis

37
Q

anoxygenic photosynthesis does not produce ____ while oxygenic photosynthesis produces it

A

O2

38
Q

______ is the major light capturing molecule; Structurally similar to ____;Uses ___ instead of Fe

A

-Bacteriochlorophyll
-heme
-Mg

39
Q

Accessory pigments can also transfer ____ to chlorophylls
* e.g., ______
* accessory pigments absorb _____ of light
than chlorophylls

A

-light energy
-carotenoids and phycobiliproteins
-different wavelengths

40
Q

photosynthesis

A
  • light is harvested by protein complexes containing bacteriochlorophyll
  • converts P870 into a strong electron donor
  • reduces ubiquinone to ubiquinol
  • transfers H+ and e to cytochrome, same as for chemoheterotrophs
  • electrons (lower energy) are transferred back to P870
41
Q

Some archaea use a type of phototrophy that involves ____, a membrane protein which functions as a ______.
A proton motive force is ____. An _____ is not involved

A

-bacteriorhodopsin (has retinal)
-light-driven proton pump
-generated
-electron transport chain

42
Q

carbon source= organic compounds: _____

A

hetero-

43
Q

carbon source= inorganic compounds: _____

A

auto- (needs to contain C, usually CO2)

44
Q

organic carbon sources include _____. inorganic carbon source is almost always ____

A

-peptides, sugars, lipids etc.
-CO2

45
Q

autotrophs do what?

A

fix CO2

46
Q

cycles to fix CO2 by autotrophs

A
  • Calvin cycle
  • Reductive TCA cycle
  • Hydroxypropionate bi-cycle
  • Reductive acetyl-CoA pathway
  • 3-hydroxypropionate/4-hydroxybutyrate pathway
47
Q

Calvin cycle also called _____, used by _____

A

-reductive pentose phosphate pathway
-most autotrophs to fix carbon

48
Q

Calvin cycle summary

A

6 RubP + 6CO2 + 6 H20 = 12 PGA –> 12 G3P (makes 12ADP & 12NADP+)
2 G3P -> synthesis of organic molecules (glucose, sucrose etc.)
10 G3P + 6ATP = 6 RubP

49
Q

calvin cycle occurs in ______

A

-carboxysomes in some bacteria (cyanobacteria, nitrifying bacteria and thiobacilli) -> carbonic anhydrase makes CO2 from carbonic acid & 3-phosphoglycerate (CO2 + ribulose-1,5-biPO4)
-stroma of chloroplasts in eukaryotes

50
Q

Three phases of Calvin cycle

A
  • carboxylation phase
  • reduction phase
  • regeneration phase
51
Q

Calvin cycle: _____ and _____ are used during the incorporation of one CO2

A

-Three ATPs
-two NADPHs

52
Q

Calvin cycle: ____is an intermediate in glycolysis→ used to make _____

A

-3-phosphoglycerate
-glucose (gluconeogenesis)

53
Q

the reductive TCA cycle aka _____; used by _____; makes ____

A

-opposite of Krebs/TCA cycle (requires e-, ATP)
-some chemolithoautotrophs
-acetyl-CoA -> G3P

54
Q

Assimilation (def.)

A

incorporation of inorganic molecules (nitrogen, phosphate, sulfur) into organic ones

55
Q

nitrogen is major component of _______. potential sources of nitrogen: _______. ______ easily incorporated into organic material because it is _____ than other forms of inorganic nitrogen

A

-protein, nucleic acids, coenzymes, and other cell constituents
-ammonia, nitrate, or nitrogen
-Ammonia nitrogen
-more reduced

56
Q

enzymes needed for ammonia incorporation

A

-glutmate dehydrogenase
-glutamine synthetase (needs energy)
-transaminase (moves NH3 around)
-gutamate synthase forms 2 glutamates

57
Q

glutamine synthetase produced by _____; does what?

A

-most bacteria
-glutamate -> glutamine

58
Q

Where does ammonia come from?

A
  • Other organisms
  • Environment
  • N2 via nitrogenase (found only in bacteria and archaea, Requires large ATP expenditure, once reduced, NH3 can be incorporated into organic compounds)
59
Q

nitrogenase is ____to O2, needs _____

A

-sensitive
-Use thick glycocalyx to keep out O2 (Make a heterocyst –> Thick-walled cell that does not use aerobic respiration)

60
Q

Phosphorus found in nucleic acids as well as _____

A

-proteins, phospholipids, ATP, and some coenzymes

61
Q

Most common phosphorus sources are ____ and ______

A
  • inorganic phosphate
  • organic phosphate esters
62
Q

Inorganic phosphate (Pi) incorporated through the formation of ATP by ____

A
  • oxidative phosphorylation
  • substrate-level phosphorylation
63
Q

Organic phosphate esters

A
  • present in environment in dissolved or particulate form
  • hydrolyzed by phosphatases, releasing Pi
64
Q

Sulfur needed for: ____

A
  • synthesis of amino acids cysteine and methionine
  • synthesis of several coenzymes
65
Q

Sulfur obtained from

A
  • external sources
  • intracellular amino acid reserves
66
Q

Sulfate = ____

A

inorganic sulfur source

67
Q

Sulfate comes from ______

A

oxidation of reduced sulfur (S0 or HS-)

68
Q

sulfate reduced to ____ and then used to synthesize _____. Cysteine can then be used to form _____

A

-H2S
-cysteine
-sulfur containing organic compounds

69
Q

Dissimiliative sulfate reduction

A

H2S is excreted; uses APS (SO4+ ATP)

70
Q

Assimiliative sulfate reduction

A

H2S is incorpated into organ sulfur compounds (cysteine, methionine, and so on); uses PAPS(SO4+ 2ATP)

71
Q

sulfur assimilation occurs in most _____; serine —>

A

bacteria
-serine + AcCoA –> O-acetylserine + HS- –> cysteine + acetate

MICRB 265 (12 decks)

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