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MICRB 265 > Week 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Microorganisms are where?

A

everywhere (covers the planet)

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2
Q

Benefits of Microorganisms

A

-agriculture and human nutrition
-food
-industry
-ocean, biosphere

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3
Q

Disadvantages of Microorganisms

A

-disease
-fouling (accumulation of unwanted material on solid surfaces)

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4
Q

Microorganisms are defined as _____

A

things that we need microscope to see

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5
Q

pathogens (def.)

A

microbes that cause disease

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6
Q

microbial culture (def.)

A

collection of cells that have been grown in or on nutrient medium

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7
Q

media (def.)

A

liquid/solid mixture that has all the nutrients required for growth

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8
Q

growth in microbiology (def.)

A

increase in cell number as a result of cell division

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9
Q

bacteria, eukarya, archaea are _____

A

domains

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10
Q

a lot but not all archaea are ____

A

extermophiles

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11
Q

no archaea species is _____

A

pathogenic

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12
Q

Two types of Microorganisms

A

-acellular
-cellular

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13
Q

types of acellular microorganisms

A

-viroids
-viruses
-prions

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14
Q

acellular microorganisms typically cause _______ and need ______

A

-illness
-something else to replicate

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15
Q

viroids (def.)

A

-circular RNAs that are infectious pathogens without any protein coat(essentially viruses without protein coat)

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16
Q

viruses (def.)

A

-an infectious microbe consisting of a segment of nucleic acid (either DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat

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17
Q

prions (def.)

A

-proteins that cause other proteins to be misshapen (infectious)

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18
Q

Types of Prokaryotic microorganisms

A

-archaea
-bacteria

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19
Q

Types of Eukaryotic microorganisms

A

-algae
-protozoa
-fungi

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20
Q

fungi (def.)

A

-yeast, molds, mushrooms (incredibly diverse)

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21
Q

algae (def.)

A

photosynthetic aquatic organisms

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22
Q

protozoa (def.)

A

free-living or parasitic eukaryotic microorganisms that feed on organic matter

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23
Q

archaea (def.)

A

similar in size and shape to bacteria but transcription/translation/metabolism proteins are more like euk

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24
Q

bacteria (def.)

A

the og prokaryote; most have peptidoglycan cell wall and nucleoid

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25
Q

nucleoid (def.)

A

chromatin-dense area within the cytoplasm and contains the bacterial DNA (no membrane)

26
Q

plasmids contain genes that ____

A

confer some unique ability like antibiotic resistance

27
Q

all cells have a ______ (4)

A

-cytoplasmic membrane
-cytoplasm
-genome made of DNA
-ribosomes

28
Q

all cells use the info encoded in DNA to___

A

make RNA and protein to perform metabolic processes (catabolism and anabolism)

29
Q

catabolism (def.)

A

transforming molecules to produce energy and building blocks (break down)

30
Q

anabolism (def.)

A

synthesizing macromolecules

31
Q

evolution (def.)

A

chance mutations in DNA cause new cells to have new properties

32
Q

properties of all cells (4)

A

-have structure
-metabolism
-growth
-evolution

33
Q

properties of some cells (4)

A

-differentiation
-communication with other cells by chemical messengers (quorum sensing)
-motility:cells are capable of self-propulsion
-horizontal gene transfer

34
Q

horizontal gene transfer (def.)

A

transfer of DNA not by parent to child (ex. bacterial conjugation)

35
Q

types of bacterial cell shape (6)

A

-coccus/cocci: spherical
-rod/bacillus
-spirillum/spirilla: curved rod-shaped/spiral (rigid)
-spirochete: thin spiral shaped (flexible)
-budding/appendaged: stalk/hypha extending from bacteria
-filamentous: long thin strands

36
Q

stalk/hypha does what?

A

used by cells to increase surface area or for attachment

37
Q

3 morphologies common among archaea

A

-cocci
-rods
-spirilla

38
Q

diplococci (____)
streptococci (_____)
staphylococci (_____)

A

-pairs
-chain
-grape-like clusters

39
Q

cell size of microorganisms trend

A

-very variable (no specific trend)

40
Q

unicellular organism vs multicellular

A

-unicellular performs all of life functions for itself vs multicellular has cells that depend on other cells for survival

41
Q

valonia ventricosa is a _____

A

single celll organism that 2 cm tall (large)

42
Q

some prokaryotes have phases of life that ___

A

they are multicellular

43
Q

when life first developed, the environment was _____

A

was hot, no oxygen, highly volatile

44
Q

first self-replicating molecules were related to _____

A

RNA

45
Q

catalytic RNAs are called _____ and do what?

A

-ribozymes
-could catalyze other reactions like enzymes

46
Q

life started in _____ which allowed for _____

A

-hypothermal beds that had rocks which had holes
-lipids to concentrate and spontaneous form micelles (single layer) + liposomes (bilayer)

47
Q

prehistoric cells were likely _____ which allowed for ____

A

-RNA inside liposome
-the accumulation of molecules needed for rxns

48
Q

LUCA stands for _____

A

last universal common ancestor

49
Q

LUCA theory states that ____ (2)

A

-the first true cells were like bacteria
-archaea and eukarya diverged from bacteria together and then subsequently diverged from each other

50
Q

there are example of unicellularity and multicellularity in _____

A

both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms

51
Q

some species can display both uni- and multicellularity depending on _____ (ex. _____)

A

-nutrient availability
-dictyostelium discoideum

52
Q

prokaryotic does not equal _____

A

unicellular

53
Q

endosymbiotic theory (def.)

A

widely accepted theory that mitochondria and chloroplasts originated as endosymbionts (bacteria that was engulfed)

54
Q

endosymbionts like mitochondria and chloroplasts may have arisen from _____

A

a mutualist or pathogen

55
Q

evidence for endosymbiotic theory (2)

A

-mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA and ribosomes which a bacterial lineage and make proteins
-mitochondria and chloroplasts replicate independently of other cellular processes

56
Q

RNA world theory explains ____

A

the origin of the first cell

57
Q

Current evolutionary theory based on RNA world

A
  1. Self-replicating RNAs + liposomes = prehistoric cells
  2. These develop into DNA-containing bacteria
  3. Archeoeukarya arise
  4. Some develop endosymbiotic relationship with mitochondria
    which leads to separation of Archaea and Eukarya
58
Q

for microbes to get large (visible), they need to be able to ____

A

overcome the diffusional limitation (diffusion of needed materials in cytoplasm is fast enough)

59
Q

ways cells overcome diffusional limitation

A

-multiple copies of genome distributed in cell
-large vacuole in cell to reduces cytoplasm size

60
Q

the lower limit of bacterial size is determined by _____

A

the amount of space needed to hold all the essential components of life

61
Q

as cell size increases, S/V ratio _____

A

decreases

MICRB 265 (12 decks)

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