Week 1

Question 1

Microorganisms are where?

Answer 1

everywhere (covers the planet)

Question 2

Benefits of Microorganisms

Answer 2

-agriculture and human nutrition
-food
-industry
-ocean, biosphere

Question 3

Disadvantages of Microorganisms

Answer 3

-disease
-fouling (accumulation of unwanted material on solid surfaces)

Question 4

Microorganisms are defined as _____

Answer 4

things that we need microscope to see

Question 5

pathogens (def.)

Answer 5

microbes that cause disease

Question 6

microbial culture (def.)

Answer 6

collection of cells that have been grown in or on nutrient medium

Question 7

media (def.)

Answer 7

liquid/solid mixture that has all the nutrients required for growth

Question 8

growth in microbiology (def.)

Answer 8

increase in cell number as a result of cell division

Question 9

bacteria, eukarya, archaea are _____

Answer 9

domains

Question 10

a lot but not all archaea are ____

Answer 10

extermophiles

Question 11

no archaea species is _____

Answer 11

pathogenic

Question 12

Two types of Microorganisms

Answer 12

-acellular
-cellular

Question 13

types of acellular microorganisms

Answer 13

-viroids
-viruses
-prions

Question 14

acellular microorganisms typically cause _______ and need ______

Answer 14

-illness
-something else to replicate

Question 15

viroids (def.)

Answer 15

-circular RNAs that are infectious pathogens without any protein coat(essentially viruses without protein coat)

Question 16

viruses (def.)

Answer 16

-an infectious microbe consisting of a segment of nucleic acid (either DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat

Question 17

prions (def.)

Answer 17

-proteins that cause other proteins to be misshapen (infectious)

Question 18

Types of Prokaryotic microorganisms

Answer 18

-archaea
-bacteria

Question 19

Types of Eukaryotic microorganisms

Answer 19

-algae
-protozoa
-fungi

Question 20

fungi (def.)

Answer 20

-yeast, molds, mushrooms (incredibly diverse)

Question 21

algae (def.)

Answer 21

photosynthetic aquatic organisms

Question 22

protozoa (def.)

Answer 22

free-living or parasitic eukaryotic microorganisms that feed on organic matter

Question 23

archaea (def.)

Answer 23

similar in size and shape to bacteria but transcription/translation/metabolism proteins are more like euk

Question 24

bacteria (def.)

Answer 24

the og prokaryote; most have peptidoglycan cell wall and nucleoid

Question 25

nucleoid (def.)

Answer 25

chromatin-dense area within the cytoplasm and contains the bacterial DNA (no membrane)

Question 26

plasmids contain genes that ____

Answer 26

confer some unique ability like antibiotic resistance

Question 27

all cells have a ______ (4)

Answer 27

-cytoplasmic membrane -cytoplasm -genome made of DNA -ribosomes

Question 28

all cells use the info encoded in DNA to___

Answer 28

make RNA and protein to perform metabolic processes (catabolism and anabolism)

Question 29

catabolism (def.)

Answer 29

transforming molecules to produce energy and building blocks (break down)

Question 30

anabolism (def.)

Answer 30

synthesizing macromolecules

Question 31

evolution (def.)

Answer 31

chance mutations in DNA cause new cells to have new properties

Question 32

properties of all cells (4)

Answer 32

-have structure -metabolism -growth -evolution

Question 33

properties of some cells (4)

Answer 33

-differentiation -communication with other cells by chemical messengers (quorum sensing) -motility:cells are capable of self-propulsion -horizontal gene transfer

Question 34

horizontal gene transfer (def.)

Answer 34

transfer of DNA not by parent to child (ex. bacterial conjugation)

Question 35

types of bacterial cell shape (6)

Answer 35

-coccus/cocci: spherical -rod/bacillus -spirillum/spirilla: curved rod-shaped/spiral (rigid) -spirochete: thin spiral shaped (flexible) -budding/appendaged: stalk/hypha extending from bacteria -filamentous: long thin strands

Question 36

stalk/hypha does what?

Answer 36

used by cells to increase surface area or for attachment

Question 37

3 morphologies common among archaea

Answer 37

-cocci -rods -spirilla

Question 38

diplococci (____) streptococci (_____) staphylococci (_____)

Answer 38

-pairs -chain -grape-like clusters

Question 39

cell size of microorganisms trend

Answer 39

-very variable (no specific trend)

Question 40

unicellular organism vs multicellular

Answer 40

-unicellular performs all of life functions for itself vs multicellular has cells that depend on other cells for survival

Question 41

valonia ventricosa is a _____

Answer 41

single celll organism that 2 cm tall (large)

Question 42

some prokaryotes have phases of life that ___

Answer 42

they are multicellular

Question 43

when life first developed, the environment was _____

Answer 43

was hot, no oxygen, highly volatile

Question 44

first self-replicating molecules were related to _____

Answer 44

RNA

Question 45

catalytic RNAs are called _____ and do what?

Answer 45

-ribozymes -could catalyze other reactions like enzymes

Question 46

life started in _____ which allowed for _____

Answer 46

-hypothermal beds that had rocks which had holes -lipids to concentrate and spontaneous form micelles (single layer) + liposomes (bilayer)

Question 47

prehistoric cells were likely _____ which allowed for ____

Answer 47

-RNA inside liposome -the accumulation of molecules needed for rxns

Question 48

LUCA stands for _____

Answer 48

last universal common ancestor

Question 49

LUCA theory states that ____ (2)

Answer 49

-the first true cells were like bacteria -archaea and eukarya diverged from bacteria together and then subsequently diverged from each other

Question 50

there are example of unicellularity and multicellularity in _____

Answer 50

both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms

Question 51

some species can display both uni- and multicellularity depending on _____ (ex. _____)

Answer 51

-nutrient availability -dictyostelium discoideum

Question 52

prokaryotic does not equal _____

Answer 52

unicellular

Question 53

endosymbiotic theory (def.)

Answer 53

widely accepted theory that mitochondria and chloroplasts originated as endosymbionts (bacteria that was engulfed)

Question 54

endosymbionts like mitochondria and chloroplasts may have arisen from _____

Answer 54

a mutualist or pathogen

Question 55

evidence for endosymbiotic theory (2)

Answer 55

-mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA and ribosomes which a bacterial lineage and make proteins -mitochondria and chloroplasts replicate independently of other cellular processes

Question 56

RNA world theory explains ____

Answer 56

the origin of the first cell

Question 57

Current evolutionary theory based on RNA world

Answer 57

1. Self-replicating RNAs + liposomes = prehistoric cells 2. These develop into DNA-containing bacteria 3. Archeoeukarya arise 4. Some develop endosymbiotic relationship with mitochondria which leads to separation of Archaea and Eukarya

Question 58

for microbes to get large (visible), they need to be able to ____

Answer 58

overcome the diffusional limitation (diffusion of needed materials in cytoplasm is fast enough)

Question 59

ways cells overcome diffusional limitation

Answer 59

-multiple copies of genome distributed in cell -large vacuole in cell to reduces cytoplasm size

Question 60

the lower limit of bacterial size is determined by _____

Answer 60

the amount of space needed to hold all the essential components of life

Question 61

as cell size increases, S/V ratio _____

Answer 61

decreases