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MICRB 265 > Week 2 > Flashcards

Week 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Till the 1800s, people thought that the cause of disease was _____

A

bad air

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2
Q

Germ theory of disease developed by _____ states that ______

A

-Louis Pasteur and many others
-many diseases are caused by specific bacteria

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3
Q

Germ theory was proposed in ____ but not accepted until ______

A

-mid 16th century
-19th century

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4
Q

Spontaneous Generation was the idea that ______

A

organisms were spontaneously created from inorganic materials

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5
Q

Spontaneous Generation was disproven in ___ + method

A

-1864
1.liquid in flask with curved neck heated = sterile
2. liquid remain sterile
3. sterile liquid tipped to enter neck = liquid spoils

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6
Q

Spontaneous Generation led to the invention of ______ which is _____

A

-pasteurization
-heating liquids for a short period of time to kill pathogens

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7
Q

Koch’s postulates (__) established a _____

A

-1890
-causal link between the organism and disease (ie. this organism caused this disease)

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8
Q

Koch’s original postulates

A
  1. The pathogen must be present in all cases of the disease and absent from healthy animals
  2. Pathogen must be grown in pure culture
  3. Cells from pure culture of suspected pathogen must cause disease in healthy animal
  4. Pathogen must be reisolated from animal infected
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9
Q

Issues with Koch’s postulates

A
  1. things that viruses that cause disease but don’t fulfill postulates
  2. asymptomatic carriers
  3. can’t grow organisms because of strict nutritional/environmental needs
  4. need specific healthy organisms (ex. humans- ethics)
  5. people with strong immune systems may fight off infection
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10
Q

Koch’s postulates was used to identify ____

A

tuberculosis

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11
Q

Modified Koch’s postulates by Fredricks and Relman are better because ______

A
  1. it accounts for viruses (only need nucleic acid of pathogen to be present in most cases)
  2. acknowledge asymptomatic carriers have NA of pathogen
  3. disease resolution is when NA is less/no longer present
  4. severity of disease - number of NA
  5. acknowledge that pathogen may localize in one area only
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12
Q

Life -> ______ —> ______

A

-domain
-kingdom

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13
Q

Kingdom –> ______ etc.

A

-phylum (please)
-class (come)
-order (over)
-family (for)
-genus (good)
-species (sushi)

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14
Q

How do we get phylogenies? why?

A

-DNA sequence of 16S rRNA
-ribosomal nucleic acid is stable over time and is vertically transmitted (from parents)

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15
Q

firmicutes is a phylum of bacteria + facts

A

mostly gram positive, many produce endospores and it includes clostridia and bacilli

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16
Q

anctinomyceotota is a phylum of bacteria + facts

A

-gram positive, contribute to decomposition of organic matter and includes streptomycetes and myobacteria

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17
Q

bacteroidetes is a phylum of bacteria + facts

A

gram negative, major vertebrate colonzier, digusts complex carbohydrates, modulate immune host responses, includes bacteroides

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18
Q

proteobacteria is a phylum of bacteria + facts

A

gram negative, very diverse, numerous pathogens, includes escherichia and yersinia

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19
Q

Who is Robert Hooke?

A

-wrote the first book dedicated to microscopic observations in 1665 (mostly fruiting structures of molds)

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20
Q

Who is Antoni van Leeuwenhoek?

A

-discovered bacteria in 1676

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21
Q

most common microscopes

A

light microscope

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22
Q

magnification (def.)

A

degree to which image is enlarged

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23
Q

resolution (def.)

A

ability to distinguish adjacent objects and distinct and separate

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24
Q

resolution is affected by wavelength; longer wavelength = ____

A

lower resolution

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25
Q

resolution limit for light microscopy is ___

A

0.2 um (bigger than 0.2 um can distinguish)

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26
Q

contrast (def.)

A

ability to see an object as distinct from its surroundings

27
Q

Light microscopes are used for _____ (microscopy types)

A
  • Bright field microscopy
  • Phase contrast microscopy
  • Differential interference contrast
  • Fluorescence/Confocal microscopy
28
Q

Electron microscopes are used for _____ (microscopy types)

A
  • Scanning electron microscopy
  • Transmission electron microscopy
29
Q

problems with bright field microscopy

A
  • can be hard to see
  • move in and out of fields of view
    with fluid dynamics
  • not a lot of useful information
30
Q

contrast with bright field microscopy can be improved with _____

A

stains

31
Q

Gram stain procedure

A
  1. crystal violet (purple)
  2. iodine (causes crystal violet to form crystals)
  3. alcohol (decolourize by solubilizing crystals)
    gram +: crystals can’t get out of thick peptidoglycan
    gram - : crystals can get out of thin peptidoglycan
  4. safranin colours everything pink
    gram + : purple
    gram - : pink
32
Q

phase contrast microscopy has _____

A

condenser than changes the relative wavelength from sample giving good contrast between cells (darker than background)

33
Q

phase contrast microscopy is used to image ______

A

cell that are alive and motility

34
Q

How fluorescence microscopy works?

A
  • Certain molecules can absorb photons:
  • This causes electrons to become excited and move
    into a higher energy state
  • When the electrons relax, they emit a photon
  • This photon is called fluorescence
35
Q

Confocal fluorescence microscopy is better because _______

A

you only see one plane of focus and then take multiple images to form a 3D image

36
Q

Electron microcopy uses ______

A

electrons instead of light, which have a shorter wavelength (higher resolution) than photons but larger than photons

37
Q

electrons being larger than photons means that ______

A

they cannot penetrate large objects so it’s good for imaging proteins (very small) but not cells

38
Q

SEM sees ____

A

outside of cell, 3D imaging

39
Q

TEM sees _____

A

inside the cell by taking images of very thin samples of cells cut with diamond blade

40
Q

nucleoid body =

A

genome + proteins

41
Q

genome organization with proteins allows genome to ____

A

fit into small cells

42
Q

what are plasmids?

A
  • Small, circular DNA (1000-100,000 bp)
  • Contain origin of replication (replicate independently of genome)
  • Can have multiple copies per cell
  • Serve many different functions: antibiotic resistance, transfer of DNA between cells (conjugation), virulence genes
43
Q

Ribosomes in prokaryotes parts

A

50S (23S & 5S rRNA) + 30S (from 16S rRNA)= 70S

44
Q

FtsZ is a _____ of bacterial cytoskeleton that does what? found in?

A

-tubulin homolog
-cell division
-most bacteria and archaea

45
Q

TubZ is a _____ of bacterial cytoskeleton that does what? found in?

A

-tubulin homolog
-plasmid segregation
-found in Bacillus species

46
Q

MamK is a _____ of bacterial cytoskeleton that does what? found in?

A

-actin homolog
-positions magnetosomes
-magnetotatic bacteria

47
Q

magnetosomes allow bacteria to _____

A

undergo magnetotaxis (the process of migrating along earth’s magnetic field)

48
Q

MreB is a _____ of bacterial cytoskeleton that does what? found in?

A

-actin homolog
-cell shape (spiral pattern organization in the cell)
-found in most rod-shaped bacteria

49
Q

CreS is a _____ of bacterial cytoskeleton that does what? found in?

A

-IF homolog
-makes rods curved
-found in caulobacter crescentus

50
Q

MinD is _____ of bacterial cytoskeleton that does what? found in?

A

-unique to bacteria
-prevents FtsZ from polymerizing at poles (moves it to the middle)
-most species

51
Q

What are inclusions?

A
  • Intracellular bodies (no membrane)containing granules of organic or inorganic materials
  • Frequently contain enzymes
  • Involved in the storage of nutrients, metabolites, etc.
  • Glucose as glycogen
  • Carbon as poly-β-hydroxybutyrate
  • Polyphosphate as Volutin
  • Amino acids as Cyanophycin granules
  • sulfur and phosphate
52
Q

what is carboxysome?

A

-Microcompartment - Protein shell
-Sequesters carbon fixing enzymes Carbonic anhydrase and RuBisCo

53
Q

Carbonic anhydrase does what?

A

coverts carbonic acid into carbon dioxide and water

54
Q

RuBisCo does what?

A

CO2 + ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate → 3-phosphoglycerate

55
Q

what are gas vesicles?

A
  • Also a microcompartment
  • Long, narrow gas-filled structures
  • Buoyancy of aquatic organisms like cyanobacteria
56
Q

what are magnetosomes?

A
  • Magnetic iron oxides
  • Allows bacteria to move along Earth’s magnetic field lines
  • Membrane-enclosed
57
Q

what are endospores?

A

-like seeds (part of lifecycle but not reproductive)
* Produced when conditions are stressful within cell : Nutrient limiting, extreme heat, chemical exposure, radiation, desiccation (drying)
* Dormant (highly dehydrated)
* Non-reproductive
* Very stable and resistant to desiccation, chemicals, antibiotics

58
Q

endospores is only produced by ______

A

clostridia and bacilli (part of firmicutes)

59
Q

types of endospores

A

-terminal endospores
-subterminal endospores
-central endospores

60
Q

endospore –> _____

A

vegetative cell

61
Q

sporulation (def.)

A

the process of cellular differentiation that creates endospore

62
Q

maturation of endospores involves _____

A

dehydration of spore, Ca2+ uptake, SASPS, dipliocolonic acid then mother cell lysis

63
Q

Escherichia coli is type of bacteria?

A

-Gram negative facultative anaerobe from γProteobacteria with peritrious flagella

64
Q

E.coli is model organism because ____

A
  • easy to grow
  • easy to manipulate
  • amenable to analytical techniques
  • fully sequenced genome

MICRB 265 (12 decks)

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