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MICRB 265 > Week 6 > Flashcards

Week 6 Flashcards

1
Q

catabolism (def.)

A

the breakdown of larger molecules to get nutrients + energy ; makes energy

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2
Q

anabolism (def.)

A

making larger molecules, uses energy

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3
Q

products of catabolism become ___ of anabolism

A

precursors

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4
Q

metabolic requirements of cells (4)

A

1) water
2) free energy (energy required to do work)
3) reducing power
4) precursor metabolites for biosynthesis

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5
Q

reducing power generates _____ and it is necessary for some biosynthetic rxns

A

-free energy

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6
Q

catabolic reactions (5) in cells - makes ATP

A

1) aerobic respiration
2) anaerobic respiration
3) fermentation
4) phototrophy
5) chemolithotrophy

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7
Q

anabolic reactions (3) in cells - uses ATP

A

1) chemical work
2) transport work
3) mechanical work

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8
Q

cellular ATP cycle

A

-catabolic reactions make ATP from ADP + Pi
-cells uses ATP produced to do work & produce ADP + Pi = anabolic rxns

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9
Q

High energy phosphate and sulfur carriers are ___

A

sources of energy for cell

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10
Q

High energy phosphate and sulfur carriers have _____ bonds (____ Go kJ/mol) that are _____, they hold/ _____

A

-energy-rich
-high negative
-hydrolyzed to release energy
-conserved energy

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11
Q

High energy phosphate and sulfur carriers (5) + energy rich bonds

A

-phosphonenolpyruvate (phosphoester bond)
-ATP (phosphodiester bond)
-glucose 6-phosphate (phosphoester bond)
-acetyl-CoA (thioester)
-acetyl phosphate (phosphoester bond)

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12
Q

3 ways to generate ATP

A

-substrate level phosphorylation
-oxidative phosphorylation
-photophosphorylation

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13
Q

substrate level phosphorylation (def.)

A

energy rich bond on substrate makes ATP directly

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14
Q

oxidative phosphorylation (def.)

A

-proton motive force powers ATP synthase
-proton motive force is generated by transfer of electrons
-most efficient

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15
Q

photophosphorylation (def.)

A

-proton motive force powers ATP synthase
-proton motive force is generated by light energy

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16
Q

Redox (def.)

A

oxidation and reduction (transfer of electrons)

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17
Q

LEO says GER

A

-Loss of Electrons is Oxidation (forms double bonds)
-Gain of Electrons is Reduction (loses double bonds)

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18
Q

e- donor = ____
e- acceptor= _____

A

-has e-
-gain e- (H)

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19
Q

oxidation-reduction reaction is ____, combination of half rxns which shows ____

A

-balanced
-oxidized & reduced forms of reactants/products

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20
Q

reduction potential (def.)

A

how badly a molecule wants electrons; aka how easily it can be reduced

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21
Q

lower (more negative) reduction potential to _____

A

higher (more positive) reduction potential

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22
Q

writing convention of half-reactions

A

oxidized on left/reduced on the right

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23
Q

on redox tower/table,_____ reduced (strongest electron donor aka ______ gives electrons to _____ oxidized (strongest electron acceptor aka _____)

A

-higher
-lower/more negative reduction potential
-lower
-higher/more positive reduction potential

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24
Q

redox tower/table is arranged from ____ to _____

A

-more negative reduction potential (Eo)
-more positive reduction potential

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25
If G0’ is negative, reaction ________. If G0’ is positive, reaction ______
-produces energy (catabolism) -requires energy (anabolism)
26
Reactions are not _____ → have _____ energy which exists because you have to break ______
-spontaneous -activation -bonds and form bonds
27
Electron carriers do what?
carry electrons around cells
28
Gaining/losing electrons can result in ______, which can be conserved and used to form ____. The more electrons a molecule has, the more ______.
-energy release -ATP -energy rich it is
29
The cell has specialized energy carriers (4)
* NAD+/NADH * FAD/FADH2 * Ubiquinone/Ubiquinol * Fe2+/Fe3+
30
NAD+ + _____ + _____ = NADH + H+ (produces acid)
-2e- -2H+
31
NAD+ -> NADH happens with a ____
hydride transfer (1H+ , 2e-)
32
NADH is a ____. NADPH is the _____
-soluble molecule -plant version (2'OH or ribose replaced by OPO3 2-)
33
FAD+/FADH and FMN+/FMNH aka ____ are ______ & bound to ______
Flavin adenine dinucleotide and flavin mononucleotide (riboflavin phosphate) -soluble -proteins
34
coenzyme Q aka _____ is _____
-ubiquinone -lipid-linked (in membrane)
35
Fe2+ is ____; Fe3+ is _____
-reduced -oxidized
36
Fe2+/3+ are in ___
heme & iron-sulfur clusters
37
Enzymes decrease activation energy by: ____ (3)
* Desolvation (loss of ordered water molecules) * Hydrogen bonds * Van der waals forces
38
G0’ of enzyme-catalyzed rxns ____
are the same as non-catalyzed rxns (enzymes don't change energy of reactants & products)
39
enzyme catalyzed reactions increase ____________ at active site of enzymes, orient substrates properly with respect to each other in order to form _______, and forms _________
-concentrations of substrates at active site of enzyme -the transition-state complex -dynamic interactions between enzyme and substrate (changes shape of substrate)
40
Enzyme activity is significantly impacted by ________ (4)
* substrate concentration * product concentration (enzymes can do rvrse rxn, sensitive product inhibition) * pH * temperature
41
metabolic classification of organisms can be based on _____
energy sources
42
metabolism is based on _____
enzymes present in organisms
43
two potential energy sources
-chemicals -light
44
chemotrophy (def.) phototrophy (def.)
-uses chemicals to make energy -uses light to make energy
45
two types of chemotrophy
-organic molecules -inorganic molecules
46
organisms that make energy from organic chemicals are _____
-chemoorganotrophs (ex. Escherichia coli)
47
organisms that make energy from inorganic chemicals are ____
-chemolithotrophs (ex. Thiobacillus thioxidans)
48
organisms that make energy from light are ____
-phototrophs (ex. Rhodabacter capsulatus)
49
Majority of microorganisms known are _______
photolithotrophs chemoorganotrophs (most pathogens)
50
chemo-/photo- =
energy source
51
organo-/litho- =
electron donor (ex. glucose)
52
photoorganotrophs are unlikely because ______
organic molecules would likely be the energy source too
53
Some bacteria can switch between energy sources (aka great metabolic flexibility) which _______
provides distinct advantage if environmental conditions change frequently
54
chemoorganotroph example
E.coli
55
chemolithotroph example
Methanobacteria
56
photolithotroph example
Cyanobacteria
57
Chemoorganotrophic fueling processes
-glucose -> pyruvate -> acetyl COA -> Krebs cycle -these processes produces reducing power as NADH, FADH2 which are used in fermentation/oxidative phosphorylation (makes more ATP)
58
Krebs cycle produces final oxidized form of glucose _____
CO2`
59
Glucose as electron source (steps to pyruvate) - Glycolysis
-Glucose + ATP (enzyme: hexokinase) = Glucose-6-phosphate -G6P (enzyme: isomerase) = fructose-6-phosphate -F6P + ATP (enzyme: phosphofructokinase) = fructose-1,6-bisphosphate -F-1,6-P (enzyme: aldose) = 2 DAP <-> 2 Glyceraldehyde-3-P -2G3P + 2NAD+ = 2NADH + 2 1,3 Bisphosphoglycerate -2 1,3BPG = 2 3-P Glycerate + 2ATP (ATP neutral) -2 3-P Glycerate = 2 2-P Glycerate -2 2-P Glycerate (enzyme=enolase) = 2 phosphoenolpyruvate -2 phosphoenolpyruvate (enzyme= pyruvate kinase) = 2 pyruvate + 2 ATP
60
Glycolysis produces _____
2 pyruvates, 2 ATP, 2 NADH
61
fates of pyruvate
-citric acid cycle (acetyl coA, oxaloacetate -> citrate) -transamination (alanine) -gluconeogenesis (phonoenolpyruvate) -fermentation (anaerobic) (ethanol-yeast, lactate- lactic acid bacteria)
62
acetyl coa production from pyruvate
pyruvate + CoA-SH (reduced form) + NAD+ = acetylCoA + NADH + CO2
63
functions of acetyl CoA (6)
* Carbohydrate metabolism * Fatty acid metabolism * Steroid synthesis * Amino acid metabolism * Acetylation (posttranslational modification) * Carbon storage (β-hydroxybutyrate)
64
citric acid cycle (x2) per pyruvate
-acetyl CoA -> citrate (6C) -> isocitrate (NAD+ -> NADH, CO2) -> a-ketoglutarate (5C) (CoA + NAD+ -> NADH, CO2)-> Succinyl-CoA (4C) (GDP/ADP -> ATP/GTP, CoA) -> succinate (FAD -> FADH2) -> fumerate -> malate (NAD -> NADH) -> oxaloactetate (4C)
65
citric acid cycle per glucose prodcues
3NADH X2, FADH2 X 2, ATP/GTP X2
66
B-oxidation produces _____
more energy than glucose (106 ATP per palmitate (16C) chain)
67
If a fatty acyl chain is 16 carbons long, then _____ are produced for every acyl chain plus the 8 AcCoA will enter citric acid cycle to generate another _____
-7 FADH2 and 7 NADH -3 NADH, one FADH2 and one GTP
68
B-oxidation steps
-CoA activation (fatty acids (n+4_ + SH-CoA) -acyl-CoA -> formation of double bond (release FADH2) -addition of hydroxyl group by water -oxidation to keto group (release NADH) -cleavage to yield acetyl-COA (citric acid cycle) + fatty acid of (n+2) carbons for new round of B-oxidation
69
Hydrocarbon degradation: _____ makes the alcohol, requires _____. feeds into _____ pathway, important for _____
-monooxygenase -oxygen -β-oxidation -bioremediation, especially of oil spills

MICRB 265 (12 decks)

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