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MICRB 265 > Week 6 > Flashcards

Week 6 Flashcards

1
Q

catabolism (def.)

A

the breakdown of larger molecules to get nutrients + energy ; makes energy

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2
Q

anabolism (def.)

A

making larger molecules, uses energy

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3
Q

products of catabolism become ___ of anabolism

A

precursors

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4
Q

metabolic requirements of cells (4)

A

1) water
2) free energy (energy required to do work)
3) reducing power
4) precursor metabolites for biosynthesis

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5
Q

reducing power generates _____ and it is necessary for some biosynthetic rxns

A

-free energy

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6
Q

catabolic reactions (5) in cells - makes ATP

A

1) aerobic respiration
2) anaerobic respiration
3) fermentation
4) phototrophy
5) chemolithotrophy

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7
Q

anabolic reactions (3) in cells - uses ATP

A

1) chemical work
2) transport work
3) mechanical work

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8
Q

cellular ATP cycle

A

-catabolic reactions make ATP from ADP + Pi
-cells uses ATP produced to do work & produce ADP + Pi = anabolic rxns

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9
Q

High energy phosphate and sulfur carriers are ___

A

sources of energy for cell

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10
Q

High energy phosphate and sulfur carriers have _____ bonds (____ Go kJ/mol) that are _____, they hold/ _____

A

-energy-rich
-high negative
-hydrolyzed to release energy
-conserved energy

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11
Q

High energy phosphate and sulfur carriers (5) + energy rich bonds

A

-phosphonenolpyruvate (phosphoester bond)
-ATP (phosphodiester bond)
-glucose 6-phosphate (phosphoester bond)
-acetyl-CoA (thioester)
-acetyl phosphate (phosphoester bond)

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12
Q

3 ways to generate ATP

A

-substrate level phosphorylation
-oxidative phosphorylation
-photophosphorylation

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13
Q

substrate level phosphorylation (def.)

A

energy rich bond on substrate makes ATP directly

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14
Q

oxidative phosphorylation (def.)

A

-proton motive force powers ATP synthase
-proton motive force is generated by transfer of electrons
-most efficient

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15
Q

photophosphorylation (def.)

A

-proton motive force powers ATP synthase
-proton motive force is generated by light energy

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16
Q

Redox (def.)

A

oxidation and reduction (transfer of electrons)

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17
Q

LEO says GER

A

-Loss of Electrons is Oxidation (forms double bonds)
-Gain of Electrons is Reduction (loses double bonds)

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18
Q

e- donor = ____
e- acceptor= _____

A

-has e-
-gain e- (H)

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19
Q

oxidation-reduction reaction is ____, combination of half rxns which shows ____

A

-balanced
-oxidized & reduced forms of reactants/products

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20
Q

reduction potential (def.)

A

how badly a molecule wants electrons; aka how easily it can be reduced

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21
Q

lower (more negative) reduction potential to _____

A

higher (more positive) reduction potential

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22
Q

writing convention of half-reactions

A

oxidized on left/reduced on the right

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23
Q

on redox tower/table,_____ reduced (strongest electron donor aka ______ gives electrons to _____ oxidized (strongest electron acceptor aka _____)

A

-higher
-lower/more negative reduction potential
-lower
-higher/more positive reduction potential

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24
Q

redox tower/table is arranged from ____ to _____

A

-more negative reduction potential (Eo)
-more positive reduction potential

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25
Q

If G0’ is negative, reaction ________. If G0’ is positive, reaction ______

A

-produces energy (catabolism)
-requires energy (anabolism)

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26
Q

Reactions are not _____ → have _____ energy which exists because you have to break ______

A

-spontaneous
-activation
-bonds and form bonds

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27
Q

Electron carriers do what?

A

carry electrons around cells

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28
Q

Gaining/losing electrons can result in ______, which can be conserved and used to form ____. The more electrons a molecule has, the more ______.

A

-energy release
-ATP
-energy rich it is

29
Q

The cell has specialized energy carriers (4)

A
  • NAD+/NADH
  • FAD/FADH2
  • Ubiquinone/Ubiquinol
  • Fe2+/Fe3+
30
Q

NAD+ + _____ + _____ = NADH + H+ (produces acid)

A

-2e-
-2H+

31
Q

NAD+ -> NADH happens with a ____

A

hydride transfer (1H+ , 2e-)

32
Q

NADH is a ____. NADPH is the _____

A

-soluble molecule
-plant version (2’OH or ribose replaced by OPO3 2-)

33
Q

FAD+/FADH and FMN+/FMNH aka ____ are ______ & bound to ______

A

Flavin adenine dinucleotide and flavin mononucleotide (riboflavin phosphate)
-soluble
-proteins

34
Q

coenzyme Q aka _____ is _____

A

-ubiquinone
-lipid-linked (in membrane)

35
Q

Fe2+ is ____; Fe3+ is _____

A

-reduced
-oxidized

36
Q

Fe2+/3+ are in ___

A

heme & iron-sulfur clusters

37
Q

Enzymes decrease activation energy by: ____ (3)

A
  • Desolvation (loss of ordered water molecules)
  • Hydrogen bonds
  • Van der waals forces
38
Q

G0’ of enzyme-catalyzed rxns ____

A

are the same as non-catalyzed rxns (enzymes don’t change energy of reactants & products)

39
Q

enzyme catalyzed reactions increase ____________ at active site of enzymes, orient substrates properly with respect to each other in order to form _______, and forms _________

A

-concentrations of substrates at active site of enzyme
-the transition-state complex
-dynamic interactions between enzyme and substrate (changes shape of substrate)

40
Q

Enzyme activity is significantly impacted by ________ (4)

A
  • substrate concentration
  • product concentration (enzymes can do rvrse rxn, sensitive product inhibition)
  • pH
  • temperature
41
Q

metabolic classification of organisms can be based on _____

A

energy sources

42
Q

metabolism is based on _____

A

enzymes present in organisms

43
Q

two potential energy sources

A

-chemicals
-light

44
Q

chemotrophy (def.)
phototrophy (def.)

A

-uses chemicals to make energy
-uses light to make energy

45
Q

two types of chemotrophy

A

-organic molecules
-inorganic molecules

46
Q

organisms that make energy from organic chemicals are _____

A

-chemoorganotrophs (ex. Escherichia coli)

47
Q

organisms that make energy from inorganic chemicals are ____

A

-chemolithotrophs (ex. Thiobacillus thioxidans)

48
Q

organisms that make energy from light are ____

A

-phototrophs (ex. Rhodabacter capsulatus)

49
Q

Majority of microorganisms known are _______

A

photolithotrophs
chemoorganotrophs (most pathogens)

50
Q

chemo-/photo- =

A

energy source

51
Q

organo-/litho- =

A

electron donor (ex. glucose)

52
Q

photoorganotrophs are unlikely because ______

A

organic molecules would likely be the energy source too

53
Q

Some bacteria can switch between energy sources (aka great metabolic flexibility) which _______

A

provides distinct advantage if environmental conditions change frequently

54
Q

chemoorganotroph example

A

E.coli

55
Q

chemolithotroph example

A

Methanobacteria

56
Q

photolithotroph example

A

Cyanobacteria

57
Q

Chemoorganotrophic fueling processes

A

-glucose -> pyruvate -> acetyl COA -> Krebs cycle
-these processes produces reducing power as NADH, FADH2 which are used in fermentation/oxidative phosphorylation (makes more ATP)

58
Q

Krebs cycle produces final oxidized form of glucose _____

A

CO2`

59
Q

Glucose as electron source (steps to pyruvate) - Glycolysis

A

-Glucose + ATP (enzyme: hexokinase) = Glucose-6-phosphate
-G6P (enzyme: isomerase) = fructose-6-phosphate
-F6P + ATP (enzyme: phosphofructokinase) = fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
-F-1,6-P (enzyme: aldose) = 2 DAP <-> 2 Glyceraldehyde-3-P
-2G3P + 2NAD+ = 2NADH + 2 1,3 Bisphosphoglycerate
-2 1,3BPG = 2 3-P Glycerate + 2ATP (ATP neutral)
-2 3-P Glycerate = 2 2-P Glycerate
-2 2-P Glycerate (enzyme=enolase) = 2 phosphoenolpyruvate
-2 phosphoenolpyruvate (enzyme= pyruvate kinase) = 2 pyruvate + 2 ATP

60
Q

Glycolysis produces _____

A

2 pyruvates, 2 ATP, 2 NADH

61
Q

fates of pyruvate

A

-citric acid cycle (acetyl coA, oxaloacetate -> citrate)
-transamination (alanine)
-gluconeogenesis (phonoenolpyruvate)
-fermentation (anaerobic) (ethanol-yeast, lactate- lactic acid bacteria)

62
Q

acetyl coa production from pyruvate

A

pyruvate + CoA-SH (reduced form) + NAD+ = acetylCoA + NADH + CO2

63
Q

functions of acetyl CoA (6)

A
  • Carbohydrate metabolism
  • Fatty acid metabolism
  • Steroid synthesis
  • Amino acid metabolism
  • Acetylation (posttranslational modification)
  • Carbon storage (β-hydroxybutyrate)
64
Q

citric acid cycle (x2) per pyruvate

A

-acetyl CoA -> citrate (6C) -> isocitrate (NAD+ -> NADH, CO2) -> a-ketoglutarate (5C) (CoA + NAD+ -> NADH, CO2)-> Succinyl-CoA (4C) (GDP/ADP -> ATP/GTP, CoA) -> succinate (FAD -> FADH2) -> fumerate -> malate (NAD -> NADH) -> oxaloactetate (4C)

65
Q

citric acid cycle per glucose prodcues

A

3NADH X2, FADH2 X 2, ATP/GTP X2

66
Q

B-oxidation produces _____

A

more energy than glucose (106 ATP per palmitate (16C) chain)

67
Q

If a fatty acyl chain is 16 carbons long, then _____ are produced for every acyl chain plus the 8 AcCoA will enter citric acid cycle to generate another _____

A

-7 FADH2 and 7 NADH
-3 NADH, one FADH2 and one GTP

68
Q

B-oxidation steps

A

-CoA activation (fatty acids (n+4_ + SH-CoA)
-acyl-CoA -> formation of double bond (release FADH2)
-addition of hydroxyl group by water
-oxidation to keto group (release NADH)
-cleavage to yield acetyl-COA (citric acid cycle) + fatty acid of (n+2) carbons for new round of B-oxidation

69
Q

Hydrocarbon degradation: _____ makes the alcohol, requires _____. feeds into _____ pathway, important for _____

A

-monooxygenase
-oxygen
-β-oxidation
-bioremediation, especially of oil spills

MICRB 265 (12 decks)

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