Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Taste > Week 7 > Flashcards

Week 7 Flashcards

1
Q

What 4 things are involved in the importance of oral health?

A
  1. eating the food you like
  2. self-confidence
  3. positive self-image
  4. can help lower risks of oral disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What 6 things happen when your mouth isn’t healthy?

A
  1. dental caries
  2. tooth decay
  3. sugar
  4. tooth loss
  5. calcium
  6. vitamin D
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

One of the oldest observations on nutrition and periodontal health is James Lind’s account of ___ in the first controlled therapeutic trial conducted in 1747.

A

scurvy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Deficiencies in these 4 vitamins have detrimental effects on periodontal health

A
  1. vitamin A
  2. vitamin C
  3. vitamin E
  4. folate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What can the use of tobacco alter?

A

distribution of antioxidants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the function of antioxidants

A

protection of cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Which 4 vitamins have antioxidant properties?

A
  1. vitamin A
  2. vitamin E
  3. vitamin C
  4. beta carotene
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the 4 functions of vitamin A, E, C and beta carotene?

A
  1. neutralize metabolic products
  2. interfere with activation of pro-carcinogens
  3. inhibit chromosomal aberrations
  4. inhibit the growth of malignant lesions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

complex nitrogenous compounds

A

proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

These are amde up of smaller units called amino acids

A

proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the 3 functions of proteins?

A
  1. body building
  2. repair and maintenance of tissues
  3. synthesis of antibodies, hemoglobin, enzymes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does the word protein mean?

A

prime of importance

**because it mediates most of the actions of life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are proteins essential for?

A

all body tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What 4 things can proteins form?

A
  1. hormones
  2. enzymes
  3. antibodies
  4. chemical messengers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the range which protein requirements vary?

A

40-65 g/day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What 3 things cause protein requirements to vary?

A
  1. physical activity
  2. stress
  3. growth cycles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How is excess protein stored?

A

as fat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the specific dynamic action (SDA) or thermic effect of food (TEF) for protein?

A

29%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the specific dynamic action (SDA) or thermic effect of food (TEF) for carbohydrates and fats?

A

5%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are two types of protein deficiency?

A
  1. kwashiorkar
  2. marasmus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the 7 oral symptoms of protein deficiency?

A
  1. formation, eruption, alignment
  2. adverse effects for
    - periodontium cells
    - fibroblast
    - osteoblast
    - cementoblast
  3. caries prone teeth
  4. retarded cementum deposition
  5. degenerative changes in gingiva
  6. poor calcification of dentin and matrix
  7. reddening of tongue with loss of papilla
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Fats are solid at what temperature?

A

20 degrees celcius

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

When are fats called oils?

A

liquid @ 20 degrees celcius

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

these are concentrated sources of energy

A

fats/lipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the 3 ways lipids can be classified?

A
  1. simple lipids –> triglycerides
  2. compound lipids –> phospholipids
  3. derived lipids –> cholesterol
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Almost 99% of body fats are in the form of

A

triglycerides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are the 5 functions of fats?

A
  1. flavour
  2. fat soluble vitamins (A,D,E,K)
  3. insulation
  4. supports viscera of heart, kidneys, intestines
  5. omega 3 fatty acids/linolenic acid decreases cholesterol and cardiac risk by reducing BP and preventing blood clots
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are the 3 effects of fats on oral health?

A
  1. phospholipids = structural component of cell membrane, tooth enamel, and dentin
  2. high fat = inhibitory to dental caries
  3. small quantities of nuts and cheese good between meals for pt’s concerned with dental caries
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

These provide the body’s primary source of fuel for heat and energy. They also maintain body’s back up store of quick energy as glycogen (animal starch)

A

carbohydrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are the 3 main sources of carbohydrates?

A
  1. starches
  2. sugars
  3. cellulose
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is the carbohydrate reserve of a human adult?

A

500 mg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

True or false: The carbohydrate reserve is rapidly exhausted when a person is fasting

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What are the 4 functions of carbohydrates?

A
  1. fat metabolism
  2. synthesis of ground substance of connective tissues
  3. synthesis of certain non-essential amino acids
  4. glucose essential for erythrocyte and brain function
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What are the 3 effects of carbohydrates on oral health?

A
  1. dental caries caused by carbohydrates
  2. sucrose is used by bacteria to produce polysaccharides
  3. causation of caries depend on
    - type
    - consistency
    - time
    - frequency
    of carbohydrates
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

These make up 4% of body weight

A

minerals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Minerals are divided into how many groups?

A

3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What are the 5 major minerals?

A
  1. calcium
  2. phosphate
  3. sodium
  4. potassium
  5. magnesium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

These are required from dietary sources in amounts greater than 100 mg per day

A

major minerals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

These elements are required by the body in quantities of less than a few mgs per day

A

trace elements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What are the 14 trace elements?

A
  1. iron
  2. iodine
  3. fluorine
  4. zinc
  5. copper
  6. cobalt
  7. chromium
  8. manganese
  9. molybdenum
  10. selenium
  11. tin
  12. silicon
  13. vanadium
  14. nickel
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What are the 4 effects of minerals on oral health?

A
  1. calcium –> vitamin D and phosphorous –> development and maintenance of teeth and bones
  2. fluorides –> anticaries
  3. iron deficiency anemia manifests in oral cavity by oral tissues (i.e., tongue)
  4. zinc deficiency can inhibit collagen formation and reduces cell-mediated immunity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

When are trace elements in human dental enamel derived from during?

A

mineralization and during and after maturation of the tooth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What are the 2 cariostatic elements?

A
  1. F
  2. P
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What are the 7 mild cariostatic elements?

A
  1. Mo
  2. V
  3. Cu
  4. Sr
  5. B
  6. Li
  7. Au
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What are the 7 doubtful elements?

A
  1. Be
  2. Co
  3. Mn
  4. Sn
  5. Zn
  6. Br
  7. I
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What are the 6 caries inert elements?

A
  1. Ba
  2. Al
  3. Ni
  4. Fe
  5. Pd
  6. Ti
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What are the 6 caries promoting elements?

A
  1. Se
  2. Mg
  3. Cd
  4. Pt
  5. Pb
  6. Si
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Organic compounds which are required in minute amounts to maintain normal health of organisms

A

vitamins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Vitamins are a part of what type of system?

A

enzyme system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What are the 2 classifications of vitamins?

A
  1. fat soluble (A,D,E,K)
  2. water soluble (B,C)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Re-draw this chart of vitamin classifications

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

This vitamin is widely distributed in animal and plant foods

A

vitamin A

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

How is vitamin A in animals formed?

A

pre-formed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What is an example of pre-formed vitamin A in animals?

A

retinol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

How is vitamin A in plants formed?

A

pro-formed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What is an example of pro-formed vitamin A in plants?

A

carotene

57
Q

How and where is vitamin A stored?

A
  • in form of retinol palmitate
  • liver
58
Q

Under normal conditions, a well-fed person has sufficient Vitamin A reserves to meet his need for how long?

A

6-9 months or more

59
Q

Free retinol is highly active and toxic, so what must happen?

A

transport to the blood stream in combination with retinol binding protein from the liver

60
Q

What are the 6 physiological functions of vitamin A?

A
  1. vision
  2. epithelial cell “integrity”
  3. reproduction
  4. resistance to infectious disease
  5. bone remodelling
  6. growth
61
Q

In teeth, what does vitamin A deficiency lead to?

A

defective enamel formation

62
Q

Regarding the hypoplasia of teeth, what does vitamin A deficiency lead to?

A

disturbance of enamel forming cells

63
Q

Regarding the dentin, what does deficiency of vitamin A lead to?

A

lack of normal tubular structure

64
Q

Regarding caries, what does deficiency of vitamin A lead to?

A

increased risk for caries

65
Q

Regarding eruption, what does vitamin A deficiency lead to?

A

delayed in prolonged deficiency

66
Q

Regarding alveolar bone, what does vitamin A deficiency lead to?

A

retarded in rate of formation

67
Q

Regarding the gingiva, what does vitamin A deficiency lead to?

A
  • gingival epithelium becoming hyperplastic
  • prolonged deficiency = keratinization
68
Q

Regarding periodontal disease, what does vitamin A deficiency lead to?

A

tissue easily invaded by bacteria that may cause periodontal disease

69
Q

Regarding salivary gland, what does vitamin A deficiency lead to?

A

keratinizing metaplasia

70
Q

What are the 2 forms vitamin D is available in?

A

D3 - cholecalciferol
D2 - calciferol

71
Q

Where are precursors of vitamin D found?

A
  1. yeast
  2. animal tissues
72
Q

In yeast, what is the sterol precursor ergsterol converted to?

A

vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol)

73
Q

This compound is most commonly found as the additive to fortify milk

A

ercocalciferol

74
Q

Describe the chemical origins of vitamin D in the dermal tissues of animals

A

precursor is 7-dehydrocholesterol which is converted first to pre-vitamin D 3 and then to vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol)

75
Q

What are Vitamin D2 and D3 converted to in the liver and kidney?

A

calcidiol and calcitriol

76
Q

D2 and D3 are sometimes referred to as

A

vitamers

77
Q

Describe the absorption and storage of vitamin D that is taken into the gut

A

absorbed –> by intestinal mucosal cells in the duodenum and jejunum and packaged into chylomicrons

storage –> chylomicrons carry vitamin to liver or adipose for storage and use

78
Q

Describe the absorption and storage of vitamin D that is synthesized through the skin

A

sunlight binds to a blood protein called vitamin D binding protein (DBP) which transports it to the liver

79
Q

QUIZ ENDED ON THIS SLIDERedraw this diagram on how the skin takes in sunlight to make and store vitamin D

A
80
Q

What are the 4 biochemical functions of vitamin D?

A
  1. regulates plasma levels of calcium
  2. calcitriol –> intestine
  3. calcitriol –> bone
  4. calcitriol –> kidney
81
Q

How many levels does calcitrol act on to maintain plasma calcium?

A

3

82
Q

What is the normal plasma calcium level?

A

9-11 mg/dl

83
Q

What is vitamin D deficiency in children?

A

rickets

84
Q

What is vitamin D deficiency in adults?

A

osteomalacia

85
Q

True or false: Vitamin D deficiency leads to increased risk of osteoporosis.

A

True

86
Q

Where did the term rickets come from?

A

old english word “twist” or “wrick”

87
Q

During growth, human bone is made and maintained by the interaction of ____, ____ and ____.

A

calcium
phosphorous
vitamin D

88
Q

Calcium is deposited in immature bone (osteoid) in a process called _____ which transforms immature bone into mature bone

A

calcification

89
Q

Also known as adult rickets

A

osteomalacia

90
Q

What two bones are affected in osteomalacia?

A
  1. flat bones
  2. diaphysis of long bones
91
Q

What group of people does osteomalacia most commonly affect?

A

post menopause female with a history of low dietary calcium intake

92
Q

What are the two most common symptoms of osteomalacia?

A
  1. bone pain
  2. muscle weakness
93
Q

What are 9 oral manifestations?

A
94
Q

What is the oral manifestation of teeth as a result of vitamin D?

A

development abnormalities of dentin and enamel

95
Q

What is the oral manifestation of caries as a result of vitamin D?

A

higher risk of caries

96
Q

What is the oral manifestation of enamel as a result of vitamin D?

A

hypoplasia, mottled, yellow grey

97
Q

What is the oral manifestation of the pulp as a result of vitamin D?

A

high pulp horns
large pulp chamber
delayed closure of root apices

98
Q

This is a naturally occurring antioxidant that is essential for normal reproduction in many animals

A

vitamin E

99
Q

anti sterility vitamin

A

vitamin E

100
Q

What are the 6 biochemical functions of vitamin E?

A
  1. membrane structure and integrity
  2. prevents perioxidation of fatty acids
  3. preserves and maintain germinal epithelial gonads
  4. protects liver from damage
  5. works with vitamins A, C, and betacarotene to delay onset of cataract
  6. prevents oxidation of LDL
101
Q

A deficiency of vitamin E is related to what 4 things?

A
  1. sterility
  2. degenerative changes in muscle
  3. megaloblastic anaemia
  4. changes in CNS
102
Q

What are the two oral manifestations of vitamin E deficiency?

A
  1. loss of pigmentation
  2. atrophic degenerative changes in enamel
103
Q

Vitamin C is also called

A

ascorbic acid

104
Q

What is the most active reducing agent?

A

vitamin C

105
Q

True or false: Vitamin C is a powerful antioxidant

A

True

106
Q

What are the 10 biochemical functions of vitamin C?

A

bone formation and metabolism

107
Q

What is vitamin C deficiency?

A

scurvy

108
Q

What 8 things characterize scurvy?

A
  1. spongy and sore gums
  2. loose teeth
  3. anemia
  4. swollen joints
  5. decreased immunocompetence
  6. delayed wound healing
  7. haemorrhage
  8. osteoporosis
109
Q

Scorbutic gingivitis is characterized by what 3 things?

A
  1. ulcerative gingivitis
  2. rapid periodontal pocket development
  3. tooth exfoliation
110
Q

Most of these vitamins occurs in nature in the bound form within the cells of vegetables or animals

A

b complex

111
Q

The digestion for the liberation of B complex vitamins and its absorption is a result of what?

A

breakdown of cellular structures in the gut

112
Q

Where does excretion of B complex vitamins occur?

A

kidney

113
Q

What is thiamine (vitamin B1) called?

A

anti beri-beri factor
anti neuritic factor
aneurin

114
Q

Thiamine, vitamin B1, also has a specific coenzyme called _____, which is associated with carbohydrate metabolism.

A

thiamine pyrophosphate (TTP)

115
Q

A colourless, basic organic compound that is composed of a sulfated pyramidine ring

A

thiamine (vitamin B1)

116
Q

What are the biochemical functions of thiamine?

A

energy and nerve impulse

117
Q

What are 7 deficiencies of thiamine?

A
  1. nervous disorders –> cells cannot metabolize glucose
    - mental depression
  2. digestive symptoms –> defective HCL
    - no appetite
    - poor digestion
    - weight loss
  3. BERI BERI
    - dry beri beri
    - wet beri beri
    - infantile beri beri
  4. wernickes encephalopathy
  5. peripheral neuritis
  6. korsakoffs
  7. psychosis
118
Q

What are the two thiamine (vitamin B1) oral manifestations?

A
  1. hypersensitivity of oral mucosa
  2. pain in tongue, teeth, jaw, face
119
Q

riboflavin

A

vitamin B2

120
Q

What are the two coenzyme forms of riboflavin?

A
  1. FMN - flavin mononucleotide
  2. FAD - flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)
121
Q

What are the biochemical functions of riboflavin?

A

redox reactions and metabolism

122
Q

What are the two deficiencies of riboflavin?

A
  1. cheiolosis
  2. glossitis
123
Q

chapping and fissuring of lips

A

cheilosis

124
Q

inflammed, red beefy tongue

A

glossitis

125
Q

What is the daily requirement of B3 (niacin)?

A

5-15 mg

126
Q

“nature’s valium

A

niacin

127
Q

What is the precursor for vitamin B3?

A

tryptophan

128
Q

“nature’s sleeping pill”

A

tryptophan

129
Q

70 mg of protein intake provides ___ mg of niacin

A

12

130
Q

What is vitamin B3 deficiency called?

A

pellagra

131
Q

This deficiency state leads to photosensitive dermatitis, diarrhoea, and dementia

A

pellagra

132
Q

What are the two types of dermatitis caused by vitamin D3 deficiency?

A
  1. casal’s necklaces
  2. glove and stocking
133
Q

Most of the therapeutic preparations contain this which is sensitive to light and heat liable

A

cyanocobalamine (vitamin B12)

134
Q

vitamin B12

A

cyanocobalamine

135
Q

What are the biochemical functions of vitamin b12?

A
136
Q

What is vitamin b12 deficiency called?

A

perinicious anemia

137
Q

This deficiency is characterized by low hemoglobin levels, decreased number of erythrocytes and neurological manifestations.

A

perinicious anemia

138
Q

What two things are used to assess B12 deficiency?

A
  1. excretion of methylmalonic acid
  2. serum B12
139
Q

What are the 4 oral manifestations of vitamin B12 deficiency?

A
  1. burning sensation
  2. trouble swallowing
  3. swollen tongue
  4. pale mucosal tissues that could break off

Taste (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions