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Rare Sugars Flashcards

1
Q

What allows rare sugars to taste similar to table sugar?

A

chemical structure

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2
Q

What two things are rare sugars made of?

A
  1. monosaccharides
  2. disaccharides
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3
Q

True or false: little is known about the physiological and cardiometabolic effect of rare sugars

A

True

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4
Q

To be an acceptable sweetener of commercial utility, a substance must have what 6 things?

A
  1. sufficient sweetening power
  2. no unpleasant aftertaste
  3. non-carcinogenic and non-mutagenic
  4. inexpensive
  5. thermostable
  6. little to no calories
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5
Q

What 6 things can be used to describe allulose?

A
  1. go-to rare sugar
  2. monosaccharide
  3. found in maple syrup, dried fruit, brown sugar
  4. low calorie
  5. not metabolized in body
  6. c3 epimer of fructose
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6
Q

What are the health effects of allulose?

A
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7
Q

What are 3 side effects of allulose?

A
  1. diarrhea
  2. abdominal pain
  3. distension
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8
Q

What 6 things describe D-tagatose?

A
  1. monosaccharide
  2. c4 epimer of d-fructose
  3. found in whey milk protein
  4. 92% as sweet as sucrose
  5. sweetener for milk and yogurt
  6. debate about calorie content
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9
Q

What are health related effects of d-tagatose?

A
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10
Q

What are 4 side effects of d-tagatose?

A
  1. nausea
  2. diarrhea
  3. flatulence
  4. bloating
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11
Q

What 4 things describe isomaltulose?

A
  1. palatinose
  2. disaccharide of glucose and fructose
  3. found in honey and cane sugar
  4. half sweetness but same caloric content of sucrose
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12
Q

What are the health effects of isomaltulose?

A
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13
Q

What are 3 side effects of isomaltulose?

A
  1. diarrhea
  2. nausea
  3. constipation
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14
Q

What 5 things describe L-arabinose?

A
  1. monosaccharide and aldopentose
  2. found in plant cell wall
  3. 1/2 sweetness of sucrose
  4. no calories
  5. less metabolizable than glucose
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15
Q

What are the health effects of l-arabinose?

A
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16
Q

What are the 3 side effects in L-arabinose?

A
  1. nausea
  2. abdominal pain
  3. diarrhea
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17
Q

What 3 things describe Trehalose?

A
  1. disaccharide of 2 glucose molecules
  2. found in yeast, honey, shrimp, insects, plants
  3. 1/2 as sweet as sucrose with same calorie content
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18
Q

What are the health effects of trehalose?

A
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19
Q

What are the 3 side effects of trehalose?

A
  1. bloating
  2. flatulence
  3. diarrhea
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20
Q

What are 8 natural food sources?

21
Q

What are the 4 anticariogenic effects of sugar substitutes?

A
  1. inhibition of insoluble glucans synthesis by mutans streptococci
  2. decrease in MS numbers in whole saliva and plaque
  3. increase in buffering capacity and pH of dental plaque
  4. interference with enamel demineralization and an increase in enamel mineralization
22
Q

How does sorbitol (D-glucitol) inhibit caries?

A

rate of acid production is slower compared to other sugars which allows saliva to neutralize acid

23
Q

In what forms is sorbitol available commercially?

A
  1. candies
  2. chewing gums
24
Q

True or false: Chewing sorbitol-sweetened gums 3X a day decreases caries

25
How does xylitol (chewing gum) prevent caries?
1. reduces dental plaque 2. increases saliva 3. reduces bacterial adherence 4. inhibits mutans streptococci 5. reduce growth of acidogenic bacteria
26
Where can xylitol be found outside of chewing gum?
1. mints 2. tablets 3. lozenges 4. toothpaste 5. mouthwash 6. cough mixtures
27
The cost of xylitol is ___ x more than sucrose
10
28
What is the most commonly used non-cariogenic sweetener?
aspartame
29
Aspartame is primarily used in what 5 things?
1. diet soda 2. yogurt 3. pudding 4. gelatin 5. snack foods
30
What does aspartame contain?
phenylalaline which is dangerous for individuals with phenylketonuria
31
This type of sweetener, also called sweet n low, is ___ X sweeter than sucrose
200-500
32
True or false: Saccharin has bladder cancer inducing effects in humans and animals
False, only animal studies. nothing in humans
33
Stevioside
Stevia
34
Stevioside is found in leaves of ____ aka _____
stevia rebaudiana yerba dulce
35
This sweetener is 150-400 x sweeter than sucrose
stevioside
36
The inhibitory effects of stevia rebaudiana extract against s.mutans was (inferior/superior) to chlorhexidine.
superior
37
(Less/more) biofilm formation in solutions with stevia rebaudiana extract compared to sucrose solution
Less
38
What is the safety risk of sweeteners?
may induce cancer
39
Are there differences in blood pressure, glucose or lipid profiles for sweeteners?
No
40
What is the acceptable daily intake (ADI) for sweetener?
usually 100 x less than toxic dose in animals
41
These 4 things are classified as food additives by the FDA
1. aspartame 2. saccharin 3. sucralose 4. neotame
42
This sweetener is considered as Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS)
stevia
43
Which sugar has yet to be approved in the EU and Canada
allulose
44
Consumption of beverages with non-nutritive sweeteners are associated with increase risk for what 4 things?
1. type 2 diabetes 2. cardiovascular disease 3. hypertension 4. stroke
45
What 6 diseases are caused by sweetners?
1. cardiometabolic disorders 2. type 2 diabetes 3. obesity 4. non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) 5. cognitive decline 6. some cancers
46
Have there been studies on specific effects of rare sugars in elderly people?
no
47
Have there been studies on specific effects of rare sugars in children?
yes - they could be beneficial for them
48
Sugar substitutes are not recommended for children under the age of
3
49
What are 3 other rare sugars?
1. kojiboise - found in honey 2. sorbose - similar to fructose 3. d-allose - potentially anti-cancer and anti-tumor - antioxidant

Taste (9 decks)

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