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Taste > Week 10 - Mechanisms for Taste Sensation of Cabonation > Flashcards

Week 10 - Mechanisms for Taste Sensation of Cabonation Flashcards

1
Q

What 3 things does the chemical reaction of carbon dioxide give rise to?

A
  1. carbonates
  2. bicarbonates
  3. carbonic acid
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2
Q

the process of carbon dioxide dissolving in a liquid

A

carbonation

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3
Q

Carbonation is the water-mediated replacement of ____ minerals by ____ minerals in the Earth’s (or even Mars’) crust.

A

silicate
carbonate

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4
Q

True or false: Carbonation is a slow process

A

True

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5
Q

What is carbonation of concrete associated with?

A

loss of alkalinity of pore solution

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6
Q

a process by which carbon dioxide in the ambient air penetrates the concrete and reacts with the hydroxides, such as calcium hydroxide to form carbonates

A

carbonation

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7
Q

In the reaction between CO2 and calcium hydroxide, what is formed?

A

calcium carbonate

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8
Q

What does carbonation do to the alkalinity which protects the reinforcement bar in concrete?

A

reduces alkalinity

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9
Q

What does carbonation of concrete initiate?

A

deterioration of concrete

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10
Q

What is used to neutralize the alkalinity of the cement matrix in the concrete cover?

A

carbonic acid

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11
Q

What are the 4 sensory systems which respond to CO2?

A
  1. nociception
  2. olfaction
  3. chemoreception
  4. respiratory regulation
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12
Q

True or false: little is known about the cellular and molecular mechanisms of carbonation perception in the mouth

A

true

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13
Q

Who was the chemist that impregnated water with “fixed air” aka what is now known as carbon dioxide (CO2)

A

Joseph Priestley in 1772

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14
Q

What constitutes the single largest source of calories in the contemporary american diet?

A

soft drinks

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15
Q

Carbonation acts as a complex gustatory stimulus, stimulating _____, ____, and _____ taste qualities simultaneously.

A

sour
sweet
bitter

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16
Q

In mammals, carbonation elicits what two responses?

A
  1. somatosensory
  2. chemosensory
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17
Q

Describe CO2 sensing in caenorhabitidis elegans

A
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18
Q

Describe CO2 sensing in drosphila melanogaster

A
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19
Q

Describe CO2 sensing in mammals

A
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20
Q

What are specifically involved in the sensory detection of CO2?

A

carbonic anhydrases

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21
Q

enzymes that catalyze the interconversion of carbon dioxide with carbonic acid

A

carbonic anhydrases

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22
Q

What is the function of carbonic anydrase IV (Car4)?

A

extracellular glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored enzyme

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23
Q

What cells is carbonic anhydrase IV (Car4) expressed in?

A

acid sensing taste receptor cells (TRCs)

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24
Q

What did the genetic ablation of the Car4 locus result in?

A

major deficit in gustatory CO2 sensation

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25
What do carbonic anhydrases reversibly catalyze the conversion of?
CO2 into biocarbonate ions and free protons
26
A secondary gustatory pathway for CO2 detection is mediated by subpopulations of what two neurons?
1. bitter 2. sweet
27
Carbonic anhydrase VII (Car7) is specifically expressed by what 3 TRCs?
1. sweet 2. bitter 3. umami
28
What does the presence of carbonation produce an overal decrease in?
sweetness-related signals from sucrose
29
What 3 things is carbonic anhydrase activity involved in?
1. respiratory regulation 2. olfactory CO2 detection 3. somatosensory CO2 detection
30
What happens to the distinct "prickly" sensation when bubbles are eliminated?
prickly/bubbly sensation remains, indicating chemogenic origin rather than mechanical
31
Describe 4 ways that bubbles trigger our senses.
1. sour receptors - "clean" mouth by refreshing palate 2. trigeminal nerve - "pain" response 3. sense of temperature - sparkling water "more" refreshing than still at the same temperature 4. gas bubbles can burst
32
What is the main component of colas?
sugar-based corn syrup
33
What is used to determine a soft drink's sweetness?
sugar content
34
What does the American Heart Association recommend that the daily intake of sugar be for adults, children and teens?
adult woman = 6 tsp adult man = 9 tsp children = 3 tsp teens = 8 tsp
35
How many beverages consumed in the United States is a soft drink?
1 out of every 4
36
The average serving size of carbonated drinks has increased from 6.5 oz to ____ oz.
20 oz
37
What is the average sugar consumption from soda for teenage boys and girls?
boys = 15 teaspoons girls = 10 teaspoons
38
Girls who drink carbonated beverages are ___ times more likely to have bone fractures than those who don't because they don't consume enough calcium daily.
5
39
Carbonated soft drinks are the single biggest source of calories in the american diet, providing about ___% of calories
7%
40
About what percentage of their calories do teenagers get from carbonated and noncarbonated soft drinks?
13%
41
By 2030, ____% of all adults will be obese, costing an additional ____ billion in health care expenditures
42 550
42
What two things does the basic process of carbonation involve?
1. low temperature 2. high pressure
43
What happens to the rate at which gas molecules enter the solution when pressure increases?
rate of gas molecues increases
44
What happens to the concentration of solute molecules at equilibrium if the pressure increases?
concentration increases
45
What happens to solubility of a gas as pressure increases?
solubility increases
46
Soft drinks are bottled under CO2 pressure greater than what?
1 atm
47
What happens to the partial pressure of CO2 above the solution when the bottle is opened?
it decreases
48
When a bottle is opened, what happens to the solubility of CO2?
it decreases which causes bubbles
49
What is Henry's law?
solubility of a gas in a liquid is proportional to the pressure of the gas over the solution
50
What happens to the solubility of most solid solutes when temperature is increased?
it increases
51
What happens to the solubility of gases in water as temperature increases?
solubility decreases
52
What happens when you freeze soda?
it will burst because the water freezes and forces the CO2 out
53
Describe the oral cavity and pH chemistry
54
What is the pH of soda?
3.0
55
Drinks with pH under 3.0 are labeled as
extremely erosive
56
Drinks with a pH between 3.0 and 3.99 are labeled as
erosive
57
Drinks with a pH above 4.0 were labeled as
minimally erosive
58
The carbon dixodie which is injected into the solution to produce the fizz (carbonation), mixes with water to produce
carbonic acid
59
What is used to check the level of carbonation?
pressure
60
What is the major component in soda that ontributes to the low pH?
phosphoric acid
61
Most soft drinks contain what two things which can weaken tooth enamel?
1. phosphoric acid 2. citric acid
62
How long does acid attack the teeth each time a sugary beverage or snack is consumed?
at least 20 minutes
63
Consumption of too many soft drinks has been linked with what 3 other medical problems?
1. osteoporisis 2. kidney stones 3. obesity
64
Acid in sugar drinks can cause tooth erosion even after
one sip
65
provides fuel for bacteria causing tooth decay and also associated with plaque deposits in arteries
sugary drinks
66
This happens when the tooth cannot be protected by its outside covering and is susceptible to damage, stains, and decay
enamel erosion
67
What 3 things can cause enamel erosion?
1. excessive soft drink consumption (high levels of phosphoric and citric acids) 2. fruit drinks (high acidity) 3. dry mouth or low salivary flow
68
Describe blood gases and deep sea diving

Taste (9 decks)

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