week 7

Question 1

changes in family structure

Answer 1

decrease in marriage rates
increase in cohabitation
increase in divorce

Question 2

how are parent and adolescent relationship

Answer 2

most adolescents report having a close and warm relationship with their parents

Question 3

adolescent parent child relationship is:

Answer 3

based on those established in childhood
become more egalitarian

Question 4

what changes are seen in adolescents

Answer 4

increase in self regulation
seek control
choice
autonomy

Question 5

what is promotion of volitional functioning (PVF)

Answer 5

a strategy whereby parents guide or scaffold adolescents decision making (rather than imposing a solution or ceding control)

Question 6

what does promotion of volitional functioning (PVF) lead to

Answer 6

autonomy and self determination

Question 7

conflicts may arise between parents and adolescents:

Answer 7

discrepancies between expectations of responsibilities and freedoms
views on appropriate and inappropriate behaviour
everyday issues

Question 8

when is conflict between adolescents and parents more common

Answer 8

more common in early adolescence than later

Question 9

why is there conflict between parents and adolescents

Answer 9

the adolescent development period often interacts with major developmental transition periods for parents which can heighten conflict

Question 10

what percentage of families experience significant intergenerational conflict

Answer 10

less than 10%

Question 11

what did Henry Stack Sullivan believe

Answer 11

that social needs change as we get older and are gratified through different kinds of social relationships at different ages

Question 12

at what age is the parent child relationship central for providing tender care and nurturance

Answer 12

up until 6

Question 13

why are peers important after 6

Answer 13

children need playmates
then they need acceptance by peer group
then at 8-12, children begin to need intimacy in the form of a close friendship

Question 14

how do relationships with peers look in middle childhood

Answer 14

deepening in social understanding
consolidation of prosocial and antisocial/withdrawal behaviour characteristics in interactions with peers
both change and consolidation in friendships, peer status, social networks and dominance hierarchies
increased gender segregation
emergence of problematic patterns of behaviour in relations to peers eg. aggression and bullying
growth in children’s awareness and self-reflection regarding peer relations
consolidation of links between aspects of peer relations and psychosocial functioning eg. anxiety
established processes of peer influence and socialisation emerge and are observable

Question 15

how do relationshios look with peers for adolescence

Answer 15

peer influence strong
peer status becomes entrenched and has substantial impact on psychosocial adjustment
simultaneous increase and reduction in gendered behaviour and gender-specific peer relations
simultaneous increase in both intensity of specific peer relationships/friendships and importance of social networks
emerging and growing importance of romantic relationships with peers

Question 16

changing peer networks for late childhood

Answer 16

in late childhood, boys and girls become members of same-sex cliques, or small friendship groups, and have little to do with the other sex

Question 17

changing peer networks for adolescence

Answer 17

boy cliques and girl cliques begin to interact during early-late adolescence
- same sex cliques provide a secure base for romantic relationships
mixed sex cliques are more obvious among popular adolescents
as less popular peers also form mixed-sex cliques, a new peer group structure, the crows, completes its evolution
couples form and the crowd disintegrates or loosens in late high school

Question 18

what is the crowd

Answer 18

the crowd is a collection of several mixed-sex cliques

Question 19

what is the purpose of the crowd

Answer 19

the crowd is central to arranging organised social activities, such as parties, and provides opportunities to get to know members of the other sex as friends and as potential romantic partners
the crowds purpose is to bring boys and girls together

Question 20

what is a friendship

Answer 20

friendship is a specific form of peer relationship that is both voluntary and mutually affirmed, and which is typically characterised by feelings of companionship, affection and intimacy

Question 21

what type of relationship is a friendship

Answer 21

dyadic rather than social

Question 22

function of friendship for middle childhood and adolescence

Answer 22

fosters social competence (eg. prosocial skills, problem solving skills)
gives ego support
provides emotional security
is a basis for reliable alliance

Question 23

friendships is a source of:

Answer 23

intimacy and affection
guidance and assistance
companionship and stimulation

Question 24

castells 3 modes of communication in social media context

Answer 24

interpersonal communication
mass communication
mass self communication

Question 25

what is interpersonal communication in social media

Answer 25

designated senders and receivers are the subjects of communication
communication is interactive eg. emails

Question 26

what is mass communication for social media

Answer 26

traditionally one directional sent from one source to many receivers, the content of communication has the potential to be diffused to society at large
eg. youtube

Question 27

what is mass self communication on social media

Answer 27

the message is self generated, the potential receivers is self-directed and the electronic retrieval is self-directed
mass self-communication combines features of mass communication and interpersonal communication eg. facebook

Question 28

3 opportunities for action on social media include the following capabilities:

Answer 28

maintain a catalogue of close and distant social contacts and follow their activities
choose whether to broadcast self-expressions to everyone in the network at once or to exchange private digital communications
manicure a digital representation of the self and others

Question 29

according to brown, adolescent relationships evolve through 4 phases:

Answer 29

initiation phase
status phase
affection phase
bonding phase

Question 30

what is the initiation phase of romantic relationships

Answer 30

in early adolescence, the focus is on the self: to see oneself as a person capable of relating to members of the other sex in a romantic way

Question 31

what is the status phase of romantic relationships

Answer 31

in mid-adolescence, having a romantic relationship with the ‘right kind’ of partner is important for the status it brings in the larger peer group

Question 32

what is the affection phase of romantic relationships

Answer 32

in late adolescence, the focus is on the relationship: romantic relationships become more personal, caring relationships

Question 33

what is the bonding phase of romantic relationships

Answer 33

in the transition to early adulthood, the emotional intimacy achieved in the affection phase is connected to a long-term commitment to create a lasting attachment bond