week 1 Flashcards
what are the domains of development
physical
cognitive
psychosocial
what is the physical domain of development
the growth of the body and its organs, the functioning of physiological systems including the brain, physical signs of ageing, changes in motor abilities etc
what is the cognitive domain of development
changes and continuities in perception, language, learning, memory, problem solving and other mental processes
what is the psychosocial domain of development
changes and continuities in personal and interpersonal aspects such as motives, emotion, personality traits, interpersonal skills, relationships and roles played in the family and in society
fundamental issues in developmental study
nature-nurture
continuity-discontinuity
universality-context specificity
activity- passivity
characteristics of nature
heredity
maturation
genes
innate predisposition
characteristics of nurture
environment
learning
experience
cultural influences
theories of development
psychodynamic approach
learning theories
cognitive-developmental approach
contextual theories
psychodynamic theories: freudian theory
sigmund freud (1856-1939)
-people are driven by motives and emotional conflict which they are largely unaware
-peoples lives are shaped by their earliest experiences
the structures of freuds personality
id
ego
superego
what is the ID
pleasure principle/biological drives that govern behaviour/ pure instincts
what is the ego
reality principle
what is the superego
the conscience
(internalised parent voice)
psychosexual stage theory (freud)
oral (birth-1)
anal (1-3)
phallic (3-6)
latency (6-12)
genital (12+)
what is the oral stage in the psychosexual stages
the mouth is the focus of stimulation and interaction: feeding and weaning are central
birth-1
what is the anal stage of the psychosexual stages
the anus is the focus of stimulation and interaction: elimination and toilet training are central
1-3
what is the phallic stage of psychosexual stages
the genitals are the focus of stimulation: gender roles and moral development are central
3-6
what is the latency stage of the psychosexual stages
a period of suspended sexual activity: energies shift to physical and intellectual activities
6-12
what is the genital stage of the psychosexual stages
the genitals are the focus of stimulation with the onset of puberty: mature sexual relationships develop
psychodynamic theories: eriksons psychosocial theory
Erik Erikson (1902-1994) (erik built on freuds psychosexual theory)
dialectical conflict as the basic mechanism of development
emphasis on social influences, such as peers and families
emphasis on rational and active resolution of conflicts
learning theories: operant conditioning (bf skinner)
reinforcement strengthens response (can be pos or neg)
punishment weakens response (can be pos or neg)
what is positive reinforcement
increases behaviour by delivering a desired stimulus
eg. infant says cookie mum gives praise
how does positive reinforcement impact the response rate
it increases it
what is positive punishment
decrease behaviour by delivering an aversive stimulus
eg. toddler throws toys father yells stop it
how does positive punishment impact response rate
it decreases it
what is negative punishment
decreases behaviour by removing a desired stimulus
eg. teen out past curfew and parents ground them
how does negative punishment impact response rate
decreases it
what is negative reinforcement
increases behaviour by removing an aversive stimulus
eg. child cleans messy room parent stops nagging
what is the impact negative reinforcement has on rate of response
increases it
cognitive-developmental approach: Piagets cognitive theory
children actively construct new understandings of the world based on their experiences
what are Piagets cognitive stages
sensorimotor
preoperational
concrete operational
formal operational
cognitive developmental approach: Vygotsky
cultural nature of human development
culture as a tool within person
social interactions drives cognitive development
