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PYB203 > week 1 > Flashcards

week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the domains of development

A

physical
cognitive
psychosocial

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2
Q

what is the physical domain of development

A

the growth of the body and its organs, the functioning of physiological systems including the brain, physical signs of ageing, changes in motor abilities etc

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3
Q

what is the cognitive domain of development

A

changes and continuities in perception, language, learning, memory, problem solving and other mental processes

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4
Q

what is the psychosocial domain of development

A

changes and continuities in personal and interpersonal aspects such as motives, emotion, personality traits, interpersonal skills, relationships and roles played in the family and in society

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5
Q

fundamental issues in developmental study

A

nature-nurture
continuity-discontinuity
universality-context specificity
activity- passivity

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6
Q

characteristics of nature

A

heredity
maturation
genes
innate predisposition

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7
Q

characteristics of nurture

A

environment
learning
experience
cultural influences

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8
Q

theories of development

A

psychodynamic approach
learning theories
cognitive-developmental approach
contextual theories

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9
Q

psychodynamic theories: freudian theory

A

sigmund freud (1856-1939)
-people are driven by motives and emotional conflict which they are largely unaware
-peoples lives are shaped by their earliest experiences

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10
Q

the structures of freuds personality

A

id
ego
superego

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11
Q

what is the ID

A

pleasure principle/biological drives that govern behaviour/ pure instincts

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12
Q

what is the ego

A

reality principle

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13
Q

what is the superego

A

the conscience
(internalised parent voice)

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14
Q

psychosexual stage theory (freud)

A

oral (birth-1)
anal (1-3)
phallic (3-6)
latency (6-12)
genital (12+)

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15
Q

what is the oral stage in the psychosexual stages

A

the mouth is the focus of stimulation and interaction: feeding and weaning are central
birth-1

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16
Q

what is the anal stage of the psychosexual stages

A

the anus is the focus of stimulation and interaction: elimination and toilet training are central
1-3

17
Q

what is the phallic stage of psychosexual stages

A

the genitals are the focus of stimulation: gender roles and moral development are central
3-6

18
Q

what is the latency stage of the psychosexual stages

A

a period of suspended sexual activity: energies shift to physical and intellectual activities
6-12

19
Q

what is the genital stage of the psychosexual stages

A

the genitals are the focus of stimulation with the onset of puberty: mature sexual relationships develop

20
Q

psychodynamic theories: eriksons psychosocial theory

A

Erik Erikson (1902-1994) (erik built on freuds psychosexual theory)
dialectical conflict as the basic mechanism of development
emphasis on social influences, such as peers and families
emphasis on rational and active resolution of conflicts

21
Q

learning theories: operant conditioning (bf skinner)

A

reinforcement strengthens response (can be pos or neg)
punishment weakens response (can be pos or neg)

22
Q

what is positive reinforcement

A

increases behaviour by delivering a desired stimulus
eg. infant says cookie mum gives praise

23
Q

how does positive reinforcement impact the response rate

A

it increases it

24
Q

what is positive punishment

A

decrease behaviour by delivering an aversive stimulus
eg. toddler throws toys father yells stop it

25
Q

how does positive punishment impact response rate

A

it decreases it

26
Q

what is negative punishment

A

decreases behaviour by removing a desired stimulus
eg. teen out past curfew and parents ground them

27
Q

how does negative punishment impact response rate

A

decreases it

28
Q

what is negative reinforcement

A

increases behaviour by removing an aversive stimulus
eg. child cleans messy room parent stops nagging

29
Q

what is the impact negative reinforcement has on rate of response

A

increases it

30
Q

cognitive-developmental approach: Piagets cognitive theory

A

children actively construct new understandings of the world based on their experiences

31
Q

what are Piagets cognitive stages

A

sensorimotor
preoperational
concrete operational
formal operational

32
Q

cognitive developmental approach: Vygotsky

A

cultural nature of human development
culture as a tool within person
social interactions drives cognitive development

PYB203 (11 decks)

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