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PYB203 > week 2 > Flashcards

week 2 Flashcards

1
Q

areas of rapid growth and development in infancy:

A 
physical 
perceptual 
cognitive 
language 
social and emotional
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2
Q

what are newborn reflexes

A

survival reflexes eg. breathing, eye blink, sucking

primitive reflexes eg. babinski reflex, grasping

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3
Q

what happens to newborn reflexes for motor development

A

they are often unlearned, involuntary responses to stimuli
survival reflexes are adaptive
primitive reflexes are less adaptive and typically disappear in early infancy

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4
Q

what is the babinski reflex

A

when you touch a baby’s foot their toes fan out instead of curl in

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5
Q

what is the grasping reflex

A

when you give a baby something eg. finger or pencil they will grip onto it

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6
Q

what is an indicator that there is a disruption to the nervous system for infants motor development

A

particular reflexes last longer than they should or they reamurge

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7
Q

what does the return of primitive reflexes indicate

A

central peripheral nervous system disruption

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8
Q

at what age should the babinski reflex disappear

A

by 12-18 months

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9
Q

if the Babinski reflex disappears within the first year of an infants life what does this indicate

A

normal neurological development

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10
Q

at what age does the grasping reflex disappear

A

within the first 3-4 months

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11
Q

what is the grasping reflex replaced by

A

voluntary grapsing

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12
Q

what does the grasping reflex disappearing within an infant’s first 3-4 months indicate

A

normal neurological development

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13
Q

what are the 2 trends for motor development in infants

A

cephalocaudal

proxmodistal

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14
Q

what is cephalocaudal motor development

A

head to tail

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15
Q

what is proximodistal motor development

A

near to far

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16
Q

what does cephalocaudal mean

A

that we tend to see control of the head before the arms or legs

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17
Q

what does proximodistal mean for motor development

A

we tend to see development in the trunk before the fingers

eg. things that are closer to the centre of the body develop quicker

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18
Q

what motor skills develop first

A

gross motor skills develop before fine motor skills

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19
Q

what is gross motor skills

A

movement of large muscles of arms, legs, and torso

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20
Q

example of proximodistal

A

an infant may be able to wack a toy with their arm but not be able to grab it with their fingers because the arm is closer to the centre of the body than the fingers

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21
Q

what are fine motor skills

A

movement of small muscles such as fingers and toes

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22
Q

how do we know what babies can see/perceive/know

A

habituation
preferential looking
evoked potentials
operant conditioning

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23
Q

what is habituation

A

the process of learning to be bored with a stimulus

eg. after repeated, presentation with the same visual stimuli, the infant becomes bored and looks away

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24
Q

habituation: what happens if the infant is presented a different stimulus and the infant regains interest

A

the researchers are able to conclude that the infant has discriminated between the two stimuli

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25
Q

when can habituation be used

A

to test for discrimination of stimuli by all the senses

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26
Q

what is preferential looking

A

we present the infant with 2 stimuli at the same time and measure the length of time the infant spends looking at each

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27
Q

preferential looking: if the infant prefers one stimuli over the other what does this tell us

A

they are able to discriminate between the two stimuli

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28
Q

preferential looking: the infant looks at both stimuli equally what does this tell us

A

the infant cant tell the difference between the two stimuli OR they are equally interested at both items

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29
Q

what is evoked potentials for assessing perception abilities

A

researchers can assess how an infants brain responds to stimulation by measuring its electrical conductivity

30
Q

what is operant conditioning for assessing perception abilities

A

infants can learn to respond to a stimulus if they are reinforced for the response
eg. to suck faster or slower to get more milk

31
Q

what is measured in evoked potentials

A

changes in cortical activity and neurons

32
Q

how is operant conditioning used to assess perception abilities

A

we train a response to a particular stimulus. Once the response is established we change it slightly and can see if the infant can differentiate between the two

33
Q

what is a newborns vision like

A

at birth infants have vision but lack acuity

  • can see more clearly about 20-25cm
  • objects at 6m as distinct as objects at 180m for adults
  • improves steadily during infancy
34
Q

what are infants visual preference

A

attracted to patterns that have light-dark transitions or contours
attracted to displays that are dynamic rather than static

35
Q

what do young infants like to look at

A

whatever they can see well

36
Q

what happens at 1 month regarding visual perception

A

focus on the outer contours of forms such as faces (a persons chin, hairline, top of the head)

37
Q

what happens at 2 months for visual perception

A

infants begin to explore the interiors of figures thoroughly eg. facial feature

38
Q

infants depth perception study

A

a visual cliff (table that turned clear) to examine depth perception in fants
study conducted by gibson and walk 1960

39
Q

what did gibson and walk perception study find

A

infants can perceive the cliff by 2 months and tend to be curious rather than fearful (measured by a decrease in HR which means interested)
when infants reach crawling age (6-7months) they show fear of the visual cliff and will not crawl onto the deep/clear side in spite of coaxing (measured by increase in HR which meant fear)

40
Q

infant hearing at birth

A

can hear better than they can see
can localise sounds
can be startled by loud noises
can turn towards sounds soflty
prefer relatively complex auditory stimuli
can discriminate among sounds that differ in loudness, duration, direction, and frequency/pitch

41
Q

what is sensory experience vital to

A

determining the organisation of the developing brain

42
Q

why does the visual system require stimulation early in life

A

to develop normally

early visual deficits eg. cataracts can affect later visual perception

43
Q

what does exposure to auditory stimulation ealry in life affect

A

the architecture of the developing brain and influences auditory perception skills

44
Q

substages to sensorimotor stage

A
  1. reflex activity (birth-1month)
  2. primary circular reactions (1-4 months)
  3. secondary circular reactions (4-8months)
  4. coordination of secondary schemes (8-12 months)
  5. tertiary circular reactions (12-18 months)
  6. beginning of thoughts (18-24 months)
45
Q

what happens in the reflex activity substage of sensorimotor stage

A

active exercise and refinement of inborn reflexes

eg. accommodate sucking to fit the shapes of different objects

46
Q

what happens in the primary circular reactions substage of sensorimotor stage

A

repetition of interesting acts centred on the childs own body
eg. repeatedly suck a thumb, kick legs or blow bubbles

47
Q

what happens in the secondary circular reactions substage of sensorimotor stage

A

repetition of interesting acts on objects

eg. repeatedly shake a rattle to make an interesting noise or bat a mobile to make it wiggle

48
Q

what happens in the coordination of secondary schemes substage of sensorimotor stage

A

combination of actions to solve simple problems

eg. bat aside a barrier to grasp an object

49
Q

what substage in the sensorimotor stage is the first evidence of intentionality

A
  1. coordination of secondary schemes
50
Q

what is the tertiary circular reactions substage of sensorimotor stage

A

experimentation to find new ways to solve problems or produce interesting outcomes
eg. explore bathwater by gently patting it then hitting it vigorously and watching the results

51
Q

what is the beginning of thoughts substage of sensorimotor stage

A 
first evidence of insight
solves problems mentally 
using symbols to stand for objects and actions 
visualise how a stick could be used 
no longer limited to thinking by doing
52
Q

what is object permenance

A

the idea something continues to exist even though we cant see it

53
Q

what is the A not B error in object permanence

A

the child looks for toy in the spot it usually is, not in the new hiding spot

54
Q

what age is out of sight out of mind

A

4-8 months

55
Q

what age is the A not B error

A

8-12 months

56
Q

what age is the A not B error overcome

A

by 1

57
Q

what age is object permanence mastered

A

18 months

58
Q

at what age do we now know babies can tell some object permanence

A

3 months

59
Q

what age does joy and laugher develop

A

3-4 months

60
Q

what age does wariness develop

A

3-4 months

61
Q

what age does suprise develop

A

4 months

62
Q

what age does fear develop

A

5-8 months

63
Q

how do infants develop a sense of self

A

through their perceptions of their bodies and actions

64
Q

what do babies discover they can do at 2-3 months old regarding sense of self

A

they can cause things to happen

65
Q

at what age do infants realse they and other people are separate beings with different perspectives, ones that can be shared

A

6 months

66
Q

how do we know babies understand they have a different perspective

A

joint attention

67
Q

what is joint attention

A

when an infant sees something interesting they will check with their caregiver to see if they saw it too

68
Q

what is the rouge test by Lewis and Brooks-Gunn and what did it discover

A

they gave babies a mirror to look at themselves. Then they put lipstick on the baby and looked at themselves in the mirror again. They found that babies at 6 months old didnt try to remove the lipstick off themselves but rather tried to wipe it off their reflection. At 18 months old babies could look in the reflection and try to remove it off their face.

69
Q

what is attachment

A

a strong and enduring emotional bond that develops between an infant and a caregiver during the infants first years of life

70
Q

what is attachment characterised by

A

characterised by reciprocal affection and a shared desire to maintain physical and emotional closeness

71
Q

key figures in attachment theory

A

john bowlby

mary ainsworth

PYB203 (11 decks)

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