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PYB203 > week 4 > Flashcards

week 4 Flashcards

1
Q

in middle childhood what stages do children move to

A

preoperational to concrete operational stage

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2
Q

what age does this change happen

A

7-11

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3
Q

what is seen when a child moves from preoperational to concrete operational

A

non-conserving to transitional to conserving

demonstrate the ability to perform operations

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4
Q

what is operations

A

mental actions on concrete situations/objects

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5
Q

if you train children on the tasks of conservation do they get better

A

not really, they may get better at that specific tasks but wont improve overall with all types of conservation tasks

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6
Q

what characteristics are seen changing in the concrete operations stage

A

centration turns to decentration
irrereversibility of thought turns to reversibility of thought
transformational thought

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7
Q

what is decentration

A

can focus on 2 or more dimensions of a problem at once

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8
Q

what is reversibility of thought

A

can mentally reverse or undo an action

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9
Q

what is transformational thought

A

can understand the process of change from one state to another

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10
Q

what scenario do we utilise the cognitive limitations of preschool age children in order to help us

A

santa claus

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11
Q

in the concrete operations stage we see a shift in:

A

from understanding being driven by perceptual salience to logical reasoning
eg. seriation and transitivity

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12
Q

what is seriation

A

the ability to arrange items mentally along a quantifiable dimension such as weight or height

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13
Q

what is transitivity

A

is the understanding of relationships among elements in a series

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14
Q

what happens to egocentrism in the concrete operational stage

A

less egocentrism

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15
Q

what happens to classification in the concrete operational stage

A

abilities improve: can classify objects by mutliple dimensions and can grasp class inclusion

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16
Q

what is the formal operations stage

A

in adolescence, individuals move from the concrete operational stage to the formal operational stage

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17
Q

how does the formal operations stage happen

A

gradually over many years

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18
Q

what are formal operations

A

mental actions on ideas: they permit systemic and scientific thinking about problems, hypothetical ideas, and abstract concepts

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19
Q

how is the formal operations stage tested

A

piagets penulum task

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20
Q

what positive aspects of adolescent development does the formal operations contribute

A

sense of identity, complex thinking, appreciation of humour

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21
Q

what negative aspects does formal operations contribute to teens lives

A

confusion, adolescent idealism and rebellion against ideas that are not logical
formal operational thought can also lead to adolescent egocentrism

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22
Q

is the NS static

A

no it is changeable

it continuously changes in response to its genetic programs and its interactions with the environment

23
Q

what are neurons

A

the basic functional units of the NS

24
Q

what do neurons do

A

they take info from other neurons (reception), integrate those signals (conduction), and pass signals to other neurons (transmission)

25
Q

what do glial cells do

A

they nourish, protect, and physically support neurons

26
Q

what are glial cells important for

A

brain development

27
Q

what is an oligodendrocyte

A

a type of glial cell that covers the axons of neurons with myelin

28
Q

what is myelin

A

a substance critical to the effective functioning of the brain

29
Q

what are the 2 primary cells of the NS

A

neurons and glial cells

30
Q

what is synaptogenesis

A

the growth of new synapses

31
Q

speed of propagation of the action potential is determined by:

A

diameter of axon (bigger=faster)

presence or absence of a myelin sheath

32
Q

in the CNS how is myelin provided

A

by the oligodendocytes

33
Q

in the PNS myelin is provided by what

A

schwann cells (a type of glial cell)

34
Q

what is different for schwann cell myelin

A

they only provide one segment of myelin

35
Q

what happens when one oligodendrocyte dies in the cns

A

it can impact the functioning of multiple neurons

36
Q

what happens if one schwann cell dies in the pns

A

it will only partially impact the functioning of one neuron

37
Q

what type of cortical changes is seen in children

A

infancy and early childhood is characterised by a dramatic period of synaptogenesis, following by an adaptive process of cell death and pruning.

38
Q

when is a notable surge of synapse growth

A

just before puberty

39
Q

the strength or elimination of snypases is dependent on:

A

environmental demands or experience

- those that are more often used are strengthened and those that are rarely used are eliminated

40
Q

what is neurogenesis

A

the growth of new neurons

41
Q

what is less common in growth: neurogenesis or synaptogenesis

A

neurogenesis

42
Q

what is apoptosis

A

programmed cell death

43
Q

types of grey matter

A

neuronal cell bodies
dendrites
glial cells

44
Q

what matter experiences pruning

A

grey matter

45
Q

what happens to white matter during childhood changes

A

white matter increases in a roughly linear pattern throughout childhood, adolescence, and into early adulthood

46
Q

what are the myelogenetic cycles

A

that different brain structures myeinate at different times

47
Q

types of myelinate cycles

A

sensory/motor pathways myelinate early

regions mediating higer order functions myelinate late eg. prefrontal cortex

48
Q

when does white matter myelination complete

A

early 20s

49
Q

grey matter volume routine

A

inverted U: early increases followed by gradual decreases starting in late childhood and continuing into adulthood

50
Q

what does the prefrontal cortex does

A 
executive function:
working memory
cognitive flexibility 
inhibitory control 
reasoning 
problem solving 
planning 
executive attention
51
Q

what part of the brain reaches maturation lastest

A

prefrontal cortex

52
Q

what are the 2 types of executuve functing

A

hot and cold

53
Q

what is hot EF

A

emotions are involved eg. real world

54
Q

what are cold ef

A

purely cognitive info processing eg. lab study

PYB203 (11 decks)

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