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BMS2011 ANATOMY > Week 6 Lecture material AXIAL MSK SYSTEM > Flashcards

Week 6 Lecture material AXIAL MSK SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

What does the axial skeleton include?

A

The verbebrae, sacrum, ribs, sternum (bones of the trunk), and bones of cranium
- Have protecting and supporting functions

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2
Q

How many vertebrae does the vertebral column consist of and which 5 regions are they organised in?

A

33 vertebrates organised into cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and coccygeal sections

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3
Q

What bones make up the skull (part of the axial skeleton)?

A

Cranium, mandible and auditory ossicles -28 bones

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4
Q

What are the functions of the 33 vertebrae?

A

To protect spinal cord and nerves
Support body weight
Provides partly rigid and flexible axis for body nd pivot for the head
Important role in posture and locomotion

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5
Q

Which part of the vertebra is responsible for transfering weight along the axis of the body?

A

The vertebral body of the vertebra

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6
Q

What does the vertebral arch consist of?

A

Pair of pedicles and laminae

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7
Q

What does the vertebral arch support?

A

Seven proccesses; four articular, two transverse and one spinous `

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8
Q

What are typical cervical vertebra characterised by?

A

Small vertebral body in comparison to the vertebral foramina - this is because it only needs to support the weight of the head; not the whole body ,

Also two transverse foramina

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9
Q

What is the shape of the typical cervical foramina and vertebral body respectively?

A

Triangular shape, oval shape

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10
Q

Why do the dimensions of the vertebral bodies genrally increase moving down the vertebral column?

A

Because as we move caudally, the body weight transferred to the vertebral column increases

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11
Q

Which Cervical vertebra has a long, palpable spinous process?

A

The cervical C7 vertebra -transitional vertebra aswell - sort of resembles the throacic region- also has large transverse processes and transverse foramina may be reduced or absent

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12
Q

What does the atlas (C1) articulate with?

A

Occipital condyles of the cranium with its superior articular facets

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13
Q

Why is the atlas atypical (unusual)?

A

Has pretty much no body and pretty much no spinous process, and largest vertebral foramina of any vertebra

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14
Q

Which vertebra has the largest vertebral foramina?

A

The atlas (C1)

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15
Q

What is the axis (C2) characterised by?

A

Presence of a tooth like odontoid process (or dens)

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16
Q

Which muslces attach to the xiphoid process?

A

The muscular diaphragm and rectus abdominus muscle

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17
Q

What are ribs 1-7 known as and what are they connected to?

A

True ribs or vertebrocostal ribs- connected to sternum via costal cartilages

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18
Q

What are tibs 8-12 known as?

A

False ribs

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19
Q

What are ribs 8-10 known as and what are some characterisitcs?

A

False or vertebroCHONDRAL ribs- do not attach directly to sternum, fuse together, merge with cartilage before reaching the sternum

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20
Q

What are ribs 11-12 known as?

A

Floating or vertebral ribs, connect only to the vertebrae and back muscles, have no connection to the sternum -rudimentary cartilage

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21
Q

What are transverse processes important for?

A

Passegeways for important blood vessels supplying the brain

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22
Q

What is C1 also known as?

A

The atlas

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23
Q

What binds the dens to the atlas (C1) and what movement does this form as a result?

A

Transverse ligament- this forms a pivot axis

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24
Q

What are the general characteristics for thoracic vertebra?

A

long slendour spinous process pointing inferiorly

  • circular and small vertebral foramen
  • transverse processes that have facets for rib articulations
  • distinct heart shaped body with costal facets for articulation with head of ribs
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25
Q

What do T1-T8 contain?

A

superior and inferior costal facets articulating with two pairs of ribs

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26
Q

What do T9-T12 contain?

A

Only have one costal facet on each site

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27
Q

What are the characteristics of lumbar vertebrae?

A

They are the largest because they bear the most weight

  • no articular facets on neither body nor transverse process
  • very large kidney shape (or oval) body when viewed superiorly
  • TRIANGULAR FORAMINEN (larger than in T but smaller than in C)
  • transverse processes are long and slender
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28
Q

When do the sacral vertebrae fuse?

A

In adolsescence and do not complete fusion until 25-30

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29
Q

Roughly how many bones is the sacrum formed from?

A

5 segrmens but could have 4 or 6

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30
Q

What is the location of the sacrum and what does it articulate with?

A

The base of the vertebral column and articulates bilaterally with two coxal bones and INFERIORLY with small coccyx

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31
Q

What does the sacrum transmit the body weight to the pelvic girdle through?

A

The sacro iliac joint

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32
Q

What is the function of the four pairs of lateral sacral foramina?

A

Allow for exit of posterior and annterior rami of spinal nerves

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33
Q

What is the coccyx and its function?

A

3-5 variable fused segments and functions to anchor pelvic muscles and ligaments- tail is vestigial

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34
Q

Does the amount of cervical vertebrae stay the same across all mammals??

A

NO IT DOESN’T! The only two mammals that it is different are the manatee (C1-C6) and the south american sloth (C1-C5 or C1-C9)

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35
Q

Which region of the spine is the most variable in humans?

A

The coccygeal region

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36
Q

What forms the thorax?

A

Sternum and 12 ribs on each side

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37
Q

What are the three parts to the sternum?

A

The manubrium, sternal body of the pectoral girdle, xiphoid process

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38
Q

Which curves is the vertebral column formed by?

A

4 curves; cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacral

39
Q

What are the primary curvatures?

A

thoracic and sacral curves - appear late in fetal development and form C-shape vertebral column

40
Q

What are the secondary curvatures?

A

The lumbar and cervical curvatures - as they don’t appear until several months after birth

41
Q

What do the secondary curvatures help to do?

A

Shift trunk weight to legs as child begins to stand and become eccentuated once the child begins to walk and run

42
Q

By what age do curves fully develop?

A

10 years of age

43
Q

Why are the curvatures of the vertebral column important?

A

Help to maintain upright position of the body (balance), ans brings weight in line with the body axis and its COM

  • So as a result, curves increase column strength
  • Absorb shocks during walking and help to protect vertebrae from fracture.
44
Q

What do secodnary curvatures help in?

A

centre of trunks mass anteriorly, closer to body’s midline and above feet

45
Q

What type of curve do quadrupeds such as chimpanzees or ogrillas have?

A

C-shaped curve only from primary curvatures (Throacic and Sacral)
- Vertebra column helps to bring COM right through back to ground to balance weight on 4 legs

46
Q

Why does a chimpanzee have to bend its legs to stopit from falling forward?

A

As they have a C shaped curvature, the COM is infront of the feet and they must bend knees to not fall forward

47
Q

How come bipeds can stand up straight?

A

The secondary curvatures compensate for primary and bring COM closer to the hips which rests over the bipeds feet

48
Q

Why do pregnant females have issues with bipedalism?

A

Because there is a lot of extra weight! But females ave evolved derived curvature and reinforcement of lumbar vertebrae

49
Q

What helps mothers to make forces of pregnancy less severe?

A

derived morphism for lumbar LORDOSIS - mkaes the lumbar more curved

50
Q

What are the abnormal curvatures of the spine?

A

Kyphosis, Lordosis, and scoliosis

51
Q

What is kyphosis?

A

Thoracic curve becomes exxggerated posteirorly producing a rounded back appearance - usually in older people

52
Q

What are the causes for kyphosis?

A

osteoperosis, abnormal vertebral growth, neuromuscular diorders

53
Q

What is lordosis?

A

Excessive anterior curving of the lumbar region (swayback)

54
Q

What are the causes for lordosis?

A

obesity, PREGNANCY (main one), weakness in muscles of abdominal wall

55
Q

What is scoliosis?

A

Abnormal lateral curvature of the vertebral column

56
Q

What are the causes for scoliosis?

A

Developmental problems or muscular paralysis affecting one side of the back

57
Q

What do the intervertebral disks do and what are they made out of?

A

Separate vertebrae and made out of anulus fibrosus (fibrous cartilage outer layers) and nucleus pulposus (watery and gelatinous)

58
Q

Where are the intervertebral disks NOT found?

A

The sacrum and coccyx

59
Q

What is the deeper function of the intervertebral disks?

A

They absorb compact, contain a nucleus pulpostrisus that is GELATINOUS and enables spine to absorb compressive stresses, support and protection for spinal nerves, increase the flexibility of the vertebral column

60
Q

What does the anulus fibrosis of the intervertebral disks do?

A

binds vertebrae together, resists tension on spine, ABSORBS COMPRESSIVE FORCES

61
Q

What is the anulus fibrosis composed of?

A

Concentric lamellae of cartilage (layers of cartilage)

62
Q

What do the posterior and anterior longitudinal ligaments articulate with?

A

Connect the posterior and anterior surfaces of each vertebral body

63
Q

What does the interspinous ligament do?

A

Connects tips of spinous processes of adjacent verebrae

64
Q

What does the ligamentum flavium do?

A

conects laminae of adjacent vertebrae

65
Q

What does the supraspinous ligament do?

A

Connects tips of spinous processes from C7-sacrum

66
Q

What does the ligamentum nuchae do?

A

it is a supraspinous ligament that extends from C7 to BASE of skull - thickened fibroelastic tissue

67
Q

What are the causes involved in decrease of column height?

A

Osteoperosis (loss ofbone density) - articular vertebral surfaces bow inward causing change in shape with decrease in height
- loss of fluid from intervertebral disk (H2O)- fibro cartilage becomes drier, thinner and more delicate and reduces in height

68
Q

What do the vertebral movement depend on?

A

Facet orientation of articular surfaces of vertebrae

69
Q

What movements does the atlanto-occipital joint permit (C1)?

A

Concave facet orientation of the atlas atriculates with the convex facet orientation of the occipital condyles

  • permits only flexion and extension movements (like nodding yes to someone)
70
Q

What does the atlanto-axial joint permit?

A

Facet orientation is transverse

- movement of rotation- (no movement side to side when saying no to someone)

71
Q

What is the cervical facet orientation and movements permitted?

A

Oblique facet orientation (45 degrees b/w transverse and coronal planes) - maximum flexibility

  • Movements of flexion extension and lateral flexion, and rotation
72
Q

What is the thoracic facet orientation and movements?

A

Almost coronal and limited rotation

73
Q

What is the lumbar facet orientation and movements?

A

Almost sagittal and flexion/extension, and lateral flexion (NO ROTATION)

74
Q

How does tarsier turn its head 360 degrees?

A

Articular processes b/w hind end of C3and front end of T1 positioned differently compared to other primates
- Articular facets positioned in ssme plane that forms right angle with median sagittal plane

75
Q

What is the role of axial muscles?

A

Moves the thoracic cage during respiration and positions the head and vertebral column

76
Q

What are the 4 groups of axial musculature?

A

Muscles of head and neck and muscles of vertebral column
oblique and recuts muscles (from abdominal wall) and muscles of perineum and pelvic diaphragm- wont be focusing on last two

77
Q

What are the extrinsic muscle layers of the vertebral column?

A

Superficial and intermediate groups

78
Q

What are the intrinsic muscle layers of vertebral column?

A

Deep layers

79
Q

Why are the extrinsic muscles the superficial and intermediate layers?

A

Because they extend from the axial skeleton to the upper limb of rib cage

80
Q

Why are the intrinsic muscles the deep layer?

A

Because the proximal and distal attachments are within this region and DO NOT EXTEND INTO THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON

81
Q

What layers are the intrinsic muscles (deep) subdivided into?

A

Superficial, intermediate and deep (deep superficial, deep intermediate, deep deep)

82
Q

What muscles are in the superficial layer of intrinsic muscles?

A

SPLENIUS MUSCLES - from midline and extend superolaterally to cranium with SPLENIUS CAPITUS and to cervical vertebrae with SPLENIUS CERVICUS

83
Q

What is the major action of the splenius muscles?

A

Extension, rotation, lateral flexion of neck

84
Q

What is the intermediate layer of intrinsic muscle?

A

Erector spinae (major extensor of back) - muscles arise from different regions of the vertebral column

85
Q

Which further muscle groups is the intermediate layer subdivided into?

A

spinals, longissimus, iliocostalis -division based on proximity of vertebral column

86
Q

What do the spinalis, longissimus, and iliocostalis muscles form respectivley?

A

Medial column, intermediate column, and lateral column

87
Q

What muscle group is in the deep (deep deep) layer of intrinsic muscles?

A

Transversus ospinalis muscles (small muscles)

88
Q

Which muscles does the transversus ospinalis muscles include?

A
  • semispinalis
  • multifidi
  • rotatores muscles
  • They work in various combos to produce slight extension and rotation of the vertebral column
89
Q

What are the semipsinalis muscles?

A

Most superficial group and can be divided into CAPITUS (cranium), CERVICUS (cervical v.) and THORACIS (Tv) muscles

90
Q

What are the rotatores muscles?

A

Deepest layer and more developed in T region

91
Q

Where do the oblique and rectus muscles lie?

A

B/w the vertebral column and ventral midline and forms various layers with the different fibres orientation

92
Q

What are the 4 groups of the abdominal muscles?

A

External and internal obliques (2 groups), transverse abdominus, and rectus abdominus

93
Q

What can the oblique muscles do?

A

Compress underlying strucutres and rotate and flex trunk

94
Q

What is the function of the rectus muscles?

A

Compress abdomen and depress ribs

BMS2011 ANATOMY (12 decks)

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