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BMS2011 ANATOMY > WEEK 1-3 TERMS > Flashcards

WEEK 1-3 TERMS Flashcards

1
Q

Supine

A

Lying on the back face upward (recumbent)

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2
Q

Prone

A

Lying on abdomen face down

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3
Q

Anatomical Position

A

Body position as if person was standing upright

  • Head, eyes, toes directed forward (anteriorly)
  • Palms facing anteriorly
  • Lower limbs close together with feet parallel
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4
Q

Median Plane (median sagittal plane)

A

Vertical anteroposterior plane passing throguh midlines of head neck and trunk. (AKA line of symmetry separating left and right)

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5
Q

Sagittal Plane

A

VERTICAL planes passing through the body PARALLEL to the median plane

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6
Q

Frontal (Coronal) Planes

A

VERTICAL planes passing through body at RIGHT ANGLES to median plane

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7
Q

Transverse Planes

A

HORIZONTAL planes passing through body at RIGHT angles to the MEDIAN and FRONTAL PLANES

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8
Q

Why are anatomical planes used?

A

To describe sections

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9
Q

Longitudinal Sections

A

Run lengthwise or parallel to long axis of body or ANY of its parts. Includes median, sagital and frontal planes.

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10
Q

What range of longitudinal sections is there

A

180 degrees

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11
Q

Transverse Sections (axial plane)

A

Parts of the body that are cut at right angles to longitudinal axis of the body or any of its parts. (AKA cross sections)

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12
Q

Oblique sections

A

Slices of body or parts NOT cut along sagittal, frontal (coronal), or transverse planes.

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13
Q

Example of oblique sections

A

In radiographic images

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14
Q

Superficial

A

Nearer to surface,

e.g.muscles of arm are superficial to humerus

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15
Q

Intermediate

A

Between superficial and deep structure

e.g. biceps muscle is intermediate between the skin and humerus

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16
Q

Deep

A

Farther from surface

e.g. humerus is deep to arm muscles

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17
Q

Medial

A

Farther from median plane

e..g 5th digit is on medial side of hand

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18
Q

Lateral

A

Farther from median plane

e.g. 1st digit is on lateral side of hand

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19
Q

Posterior

A

Nearer to back

e.g. heal is posterior to toes

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20
Q

Inferior (Caudal)

A

Nearer to feet

e.g. Stomach is inferior to heart

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21
Q

Anterior (Ventral)

A

Nearer to front
e.g. Toes
are anterior to ankle

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22
Q

Proximal

A

Nearer to trunk or point of origin such as a limb

e.g. Elbow is proximal to wrist and proximal part of artery is its beginning

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23
Q

Distal

A

Farther from trunk or point of origin

e.g. Wrist is distal to the elbow, and the fistal part od the upper lmb is the hand

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24
Q

Inferior foot surface

A

Sole

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25
Q

Superior foot surface

A

Dorsum

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26
Q

Posterior hand

A

Dorsum

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27
Q

Anterior hand

A

Palm

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28
Q

Rostral

A

Used instead of anterior when describing parts of the brain . (towards the front of brain
e.g. frontal lobe of brain is rostral to cerebellum

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29
Q

Inferomedial

A

Nearer to the feet an dmedial plane e.g. anterior parts of ribs run interomedially

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30
Q

Superolateral

A

Nearer to head and farther from median plane

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31
Q

Bilateral

A

Paired structures having left and right members

e.g. kidneys

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32
Q

Unilateral

A

Occurs on one side only such as the spleen

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33
Q

Ipsilateral

A

Something occuring on the same side of the body as another strucutre. g/ The right thumb and right big toe

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34
Q

Contralateral

A

Occuring on the opposite side of the body relative to another structure
e.g. right hand is contralateral to left hand

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35
Q

In what plane and axis do flexion and extension movements occur (generally)?

A

In sagittal planes around a transverse axis

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36
Q

Felxion

A

Bending or decreasing angle between bones or parts of the body

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37
Q

Extension

A

Straightening or increasing angle between bones or parts of body
- ususally occurs in posterior direction

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38
Q

Dorsiflexion

A

Flexion at ankle point (lifting foot and toes off ground)

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39
Q

Plantarflexion

A

Bends foot and toes toward the ground

e.g. standing on tippi toes

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40
Q

Hyperextension

A

Extension of limb beyond normal limit

e.g. whiplash

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41
Q

Which plane and axis do ABduction and adduction movements occur?

A

Frontal plane around anteroposterior axis

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42
Q

ABduction

A

Moving away from the median plane
e.g. moving an upper limb laterally away
from
side of body

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43
Q

ABduction of digits

A

Spreading them apart

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44
Q

Adduction

A

Moving towards the median plane

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45
Q

Caudal

A

At the rear or tail end

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46
Q

Cranial

A

At the head end

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47
Q

What does the Axial region include?

A

The head, neck and trunk which comprise the main vertical axis of the body

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48
Q

Appendicular Region includes…

A

Extremities of the arms and legs

49
Q

Inversion

A

Twisting of the ankle towards the midline

50
Q

Aversion

A

Twisting away from the midline

51
Q

Pronation

A

Palm facing front to palm facing back (radius rotates over ulna)

52
Q

What is an x-ray referred to as?

A

AP Radiograph

53
Q

Is the x-ray data 2D or 3D?

A

It is 3D data compressed onto a 2D image

54
Q

Dermis

A

Dense layer of interlacing collagen and elastic fibres

55
Q

What causes goosebumps?

A

The contraction of the arrector muscles of hairs which also causes the sebaceous glands to compress and secrete oily product onto the skin surface

56
Q

Subcutaneous tissue (superficial fascia)

A

Comprises of lose connective tissue and stored fat

57
Q

What does subcutaneous tissue contain?

A

Sweat glands, superficial blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and cutaneous veins

58
Q

How are bones classified?

A

According to their shape

59
Q

Long Bones

A

Tubular e.g. humerus in arm

60
Q

Short bones

A

Cuboidal and only found in tarsus (ankle) and carpus (wrist)

61
Q

Flat Bones

A

Have a protective function such as those of the cranium to protect brain

62
Q

Irregular Bones

A

VARIOUS shapes other than long short or flat, e.g, bones of the face

63
Q

Sesamoid bonesi

A

e.g. patella or knee cap

Develop and found in certain tendons where the tendons cross the ends of the long bones in limbs

64
Q

Fucntion of sesamoid bones

A

Protect tendons from excessive wear and often change the angle of the tendons as they pass to their attachments

65
Q

Why do bone markings appear?

A

Wherever tendons, ligaments, and fascias are attached or where arteries lie adjacent to or enter bones

66
Q

Bone Markings and Features of bones: Body

A

Principle mass of bone i.e. in long bones its the shaft; with vertebrae its the anterior weight bearing portions between the inter ventricular disks.

67
Q

Bone Markings and Features of bones: Capitulum

A

Small, round articular head of bone e.g. capitulum of humerus)

68
Q

Bone Markings and Features of bones: Condyle

A

Rounded, knuckle like articular area often occurring in pairs e.g. the lateral and medial femoral condyles

69
Q

Bone Markings and Features of bones: Crest

A

Ridge of bone e.g. iliac creat

70
Q

Bone Markings and Features of bones: Epicondyle

A

Eminence superior or adjacent to a condyle e.g. laterqal epicondyle of the humerus

71
Q

Bone Markings and Features of bones: Facet

A

Smooth flat area, usually covered with cartilage, where a bone articulates with another bone e.g. superior costal facet on body of vertebra for articulation with a rib

72
Q

Bone Markings and Features of bones: Foramen

A

Passage through a bone e.g. obturator foramen

73
Q

Bone Markings and Features of bones: Fossa

A

Hollow or depressed area e.g. infraspinous fossa of scapula

74
Q

Bone Markings and Features of bones:Groove

A

Elongated depression or furrow e.g. Radial groove of humerus

75
Q

Bone Markings and Features of bones: Head

A

Large, round articular end e.g. head of the humerus

76
Q

Bone Markings and Features of bones: Line

A

Linear elevation, sometimes called a RIDGE e.g. soleal line of tibia

77
Q

Bone Markings and Features of bones: Malleolus

A

Rounded process e.g. lateral malleolus of the fibula

78
Q

Bone Markings and Features of bones: Neck

A

Relatively narrow portion proximal to the head

79
Q

Bone Markings and Features of bones: Notch

A

Indentation at the edge of a bone e.g. greater sciatic notch

80
Q

Bone Markings and Features of bones: Process

A

An extension or projection serving a particular purpose , having characteristic shape, or extending in a particular direction e.g. articular process, spinous process, or transverse process of a vertebra

81
Q

Bone Markings and Features of bones: Protuberance

A

A bulge or projection of bone e.g. external occipital protuberance

82
Q

Bone Markings and Features of bones: Shaft

A

The diaphysis, or body of a long bon

83
Q

Bone Markings and Features of bones: Spine

A

Thorn like process e.g. the sine of the scapula

84
Q

Bone Markings and Features of bones: Trochanter

A

Large blunt elevation e.g. greater trochanter of the femur

85
Q

Bone Markings and Features of bones: Trochlea

A

Spool-like articular process or process that acts as a pulley e..g trochlea of the humerus

86
Q

Bone Markings and Features of bones: Tubercle

A

Small raised eminence e.g. greater tubercle of humerus

87
Q

Bone Markings and Features of bones: Tuberosity

A

Large rounded elevation e.g. ischial tuberosity

88
Q

Where do all bones derive from?

A

Mesenchyme (embryonic connective tissue)

89
Q

What does the trunk consist of?

A

Throacis (thorax), Mamma (breast), Abdoment (abdominal), Umbilicus (navel) and Pelvis (pelvic)

90
Q

Bergmanns Rule

A

Body size within widely distributed taxonomic groups varies with climate
e.g. species i ncolder climates have larger body mass and species in warm environments have smaller body mass

91
Q

Allen’s Rule

A

Limb shape varies with climate such that animals in cooler climate minimise SA to vol ratio by having shorter extremities compared to the body size e.g. rabbits in different climates

92
Q

Kleiber line

A

Relates metabolic rate and body mass (applies to organs and respiratory systems)

93
Q

Isometry

A

As size changes, the shape stays proportional e.g. in salamanders and with snail shell

94
Q

Allometry

A

Shape changes as size changes .

95
Q

What type of growth do humans have?

A

Allometric growth

96
Q

Heterochrony

A

Differential rates of development among cell lines within the organism leading to changes in size and/or shape (at different times)

97
Q

Progenisis

A

Development ends early

98
Q

Hypermorphosis

A

Development stops later

99
Q

Neoteny

A

Character of organism develops at faster rate compared to ancestral e.g. Paedomorphosis- adult head is similar to juvenile head

100
Q

Acceleration

A

Character of organism develops at faster rate compared to ancestral

101
Q

What would appear the lightest shade in an AP Radiograph?

A

Metal as it absorbs all the x-rays and appears the whitest

102
Q

What would appear darkest shade in AP radiograph?

A

Air would as it absorbs the least x-rays and appears the ‘blackest’

103
Q

What does CT stand for?

A

Computerised Tomography

104
Q

What are examples of tomography?

A

CT (Computerised tomography) and MRI (Magntetic Resonance Image)

105
Q

How is tomography better than normal radiographs?

A

Take sequential cross sections to produce 3D image, higher quality resolution, minimise 3D on 2D compression issue

106
Q

CT (Computerised Tomography)

A
  • Reveals bones and soft tissue and organs
  • Emission of x-ray beams with multiple detectors
  • Denisty data reconstructed into slices
107
Q

Is CT cross section still as 3D image?

A

YES! Even though it looks 3D it is made up of 3D ‘voxels’ which si volumetric pixel

108
Q

MRI (Magnetic Resonance Image)

A
  • Measures H atom emission of radio frequency in strong magnetic field
  • Different tissues of body can be separated out and distinguished by differing levels of hydrogen
109
Q

What are the two types of reconstruction imagery in MRI?

110
Q

What does T1 show?

A

Areas where fat is the brightest

111
Q

What does T2 show? A

A

Areas where fluid is the brightest

112
Q

Parallel/ fusiform muscle

A

FIbres are parallel

e. g. biceps brachii
- good for endurance

113
Q

Convergent muscle

A
  • FIbres come from different directions and converge
  • Concentrates energy in small area
    e. g. pectoralis major
114
Q

Uni pennate muscle

A

Fibres come in obliquely

e.g. EDL (extensor digitorium longus) (wrist and finger extensor)

115
Q

Bipennate muscle

A

Two different directions to tendon

e.g. Rectus Femoris (quad)

116
Q

Multipennate

A

Branching tendons into a single insertion
Posterior fibres act as extensor
e.g. deltoid

117
Q

Agonist

A

Prime mover , main muscle for producing specific movement in body (usually contracts cocnetrically BUT not all of the time)

118
Q

Synergist

A

Complements the action of the prime mover

- Can also act as a fixator (Steadies proximal part of limb throguh isometric contraction )

119
Q

Antagonist

A

Muscle that opposes the action of the agonist (prime mover)

Usually eccentrically contract (but not all the time)

BMS2011 ANATOMY (12 decks)

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