Reproductive anatomy week7 Flashcards
What is the pelvic cavity?
The funnel shaped space bounded by bony, ligamentous, muscular pelvic walls and floor (inferioposterior part of the abdominopelvic cavity)
Where is the pelvic cavity continuous with the adominal cavity?
At the pelvic inlet
What does the pelvic cavity contain?
The terminal parts of the ureters, urinary bladder, rectum, pelvic genitial organs, blood vessels, lymphatics and nerves.
What participates in bearing the weight of the urinary bladder?
The antero-inferior walll
what is embryogenesis?
Where gonads are generated in andomen and descend across front of pelvic wall and testes descend into scrotum at birth
Why do males have long tubules?
So gonads can descend and to bathe in various glandular secretions
What occurs in the testes?
Sperm are produced here and get released FROM seminiferous tubuels into epididimus-testes contain millions of coiled seminiferous tubules
What occurs in the seminferious tubules?
It is site of spermatogenesis (1500 sperm made per second per testus)
What occurs in epididimus?`
Undergo maturation process then go through ductus deferens past bulbal urethral gland
What happens once sperm are made?
They get released into the lumen of seminiferous tubules and get collected into the rete testes
In which structure do the sperm start to gain some motility?
In the epididimus (dont have ANY motility before enterning epididimus)
When do sperm reach full motility?
In the female reproductive tract
Why are the testes outside the body?
Because optimal temp is 34 degrees to produce sperm and if in abdomen at 37 degrees, no sperm will be produced and there will be much higher rate of testicular cancer.
Which part of testes is important for temp control?
Pampiniform plexus of testicular veins
What is the function of the cremaster muscle?
Raises testes much closer to body, during sex or under fear stimulus, skeletal muscle innervation from genitofemoral nerve
What is the function of the dartos muscle and what is it innervated by?
smooth muscle that does temp regulation and produces the wrinkled surface on the testus and inervated by postganglionic sympathetic nerve fibres (iliolingual nerve and posterior scrotal nerve)
Which cells are responsible for testosterone production?
Leydig cells
What are the actions of testosterone before birth?
Male external genatalia, reproductive tract, descent of testes into scrotum
What are the actions of testosterone after birth?
Testosterone secretion ceases, testes and remainder of rep sytem is inactive until PUBERTY
What are the 8 actions of testosterone at puberty?
Huge surge in testosterone secretion, testes enlarge and spermatogenesis begins, penis and scrotum enlarge, accessory secretory glands enlarge and begin secreting, pubic hair, facial hair, vocal cords lengthen
What are the effects of androgens in males?
Hair line recession, development of penis, scrotum and testes
Where do the sperm go after the epididimus?
Enter ductus deferens (which is within spermatic cord)
What does the spermatic cord consist of?
Muscle and fascial layers, and carries testicular artery and vein
What are seminal vesicles and what do they secrete?
Paired, and posterior to bladder, joins with ductus deferens to form ejaculatory duct , secretes fructose and prostaglandins
What forms the ejaculatory ducts?
Seminal vesicles and ductus deferens
What do prostoglandins do?
Dilate the cervix
Where is the prostate gland and what does it secrete?
Walnut shaped gland inferior to bladder
secretes citric acid (nourisment), seminal plasmin (antibiotic that combats UTIs) and PSA (prostate specific antigen) that liquifies seamen after ejaculation
What is seminal plasmin?
Antibiotic that combats UTIs and secreted by prostate gland
What is PSA?
Prostate Specific Antigen- liquifies semen after ejaculation
What is the difference between sperm and semen?
Sperm are the SINGLE microscopic reproductive cell and semen is the SEMINAL FLUID containing sperm
What is a marker for a disrupted structure of prostate gland that can possibly be diagnosed as prostate cancer?
PSA - if there is a tumor that disrupts the strucutre of gland, PSa will travel into the blood
What are the 3 types of urethra?
prostatic, membranous and spongy urethra
What are the accessory glands in male reproductive system?
Seminal glands, prostate gland and bulboirethral gland
What is the corpus cavernosum?
Clitoris in females but in males it is paired masses on anterior surface of flaccid penis
What is the corpus spongiosum?
Single mass surrounding urethra , posterior side of flaccid penis, expanded distal end is the glans
What are the 3 E’s of penis function?
Erection, Emission, Ejaculation
What occurs during an errection?
Parasympathetic nerve fibres reach penis via pelvic splanchnic nerves, this dilates the arteries in penis and enables erectile tissues to fill with blood
What occurs during emission?
The secretions of the glands (seminal vesicles, postate, and bulbourethral) move and so does speramtozoa into the prostatic urethra
What occurs during ejaculation?
Expulsion of semen by rhythmic contractions of bulbospongiosus and ischiocavernosus muscles that wrap around corpus spongiosum and cavernosa respectively
What does the golgi apparatus become in spermatogenesis?
Acrosomal vesicle (interaction with egg)
What happens to cytoplasm in spermatogenesis?
Cytoplasm is completely removed (very compacted nucleus in sperm)
What are the ovaries?
Gonads of female that remain in abdomen, anchored to body wall via broad ligament (sheet of peritoneum), important for oestrogen synthesis
What is the external genatalia of female called?
Vulva
What is the labia majora equivalent in males?
The scrotum
What is the clitoris equivalent in males?
Penis
What is the clitoris?
Small erectile body anterior to labia minora,
What is the prepuce?
Fold of labia minora covering clitoris
What is the vesitbule?
Potential space between labia minora
urethral opening and vaginal ofrice
bulbs of vestibule and greater vestibular glands
What are the internal strucutres of female reproductive stystem?
Uterine (fallopian) tubes, and uterus
What is the cervix?
Inferior neck of the uterus proceeding into vagina
What are the cellular structures of the uterus?
Perimetrium, myometrium, and endometrium
What is the pereimetrium?
Peritoneum and underlying connective tissue
What is the myometrium?
thick layer of smooth muscle-Expands up to 400-500% of normal size
What is the endometrium?
Simple columnar epithelium with underlying connective tissue
What is the vagina?
Elastic tube with smooth muscle in wall lined by stratified squamous epithelium
What creates anterior and posterior fornix?
The projection of cervix into vagina
What is a possible reason for females losing germ cells?
Once menstruation starts, eggs that are produced are 20-40 years old….so eggs that aren’t quite rite are selected out just before puberty..
What do the granulosa cells do?
Like the sertoli cells in males- help and protect and nourish germ cell the
What occurs before birth to oocyte?
Cells from ovary surround oocyte to form primordial follicle
What occurs at birth to the oocyte?
Completely enclosed in follicular (granulosa) cells
What happens at puberty to oocyte?
Follicle size increases due to increase in oocyte size
What occurs in maturation of the oocyte?
Additional cell layers are formed (once 2-3 cell layers thick)- this forms theca interna and externa
What do theca cells produce?
Androgens that are converted into estrogens (17b-estradiol) by aromatase enzyme (granulosa cells produced it) (equivalent of testosterone)
What does the maturation of oocyte require?
FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) produced by pituitary gland
When does meiosis resume?
Every month 10-12 hours before ovulation
What happens when the dominant follicle enlarges?
It becomes FSH independent and secrets hormone INHIBIN
What does the hormone INHIBIN do?
Supresses pituritary FSH production causing remaining semi-matured follicles to degenerate (atretic follicles)
Why don’t spermatozoa undergo cytokinesis?
To allow for total gene products of diploid gene. To stay together, they form a syncytium and break apart just before they are released
