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BMS2011 ANATOMY > Reproductive anatomy week7 > Flashcards

Reproductive anatomy week7 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the pelvic cavity?

A

The funnel shaped space bounded by bony, ligamentous, muscular pelvic walls and floor (inferioposterior part of the abdominopelvic cavity)

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2
Q

Where is the pelvic cavity continuous with the adominal cavity?

A

At the pelvic inlet

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3
Q

What does the pelvic cavity contain?

A

The terminal parts of the ureters, urinary bladder, rectum, pelvic genitial organs, blood vessels, lymphatics and nerves.

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4
Q

What participates in bearing the weight of the urinary bladder?

A

The antero-inferior walll

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5
Q

what is embryogenesis?

A

Where gonads are generated in andomen and descend across front of pelvic wall and testes descend into scrotum at birth

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6
Q

Why do males have long tubules?

A

So gonads can descend and to bathe in various glandular secretions

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7
Q

What occurs in the testes?

A

Sperm are produced here and get released FROM seminiferous tubuels into epididimus-testes contain millions of coiled seminiferous tubules

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8
Q

What occurs in the seminferious tubules?

A

It is site of spermatogenesis (1500 sperm made per second per testus)

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9
Q

What occurs in epididimus?`

A

Undergo maturation process then go through ductus deferens past bulbal urethral gland

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10
Q

What happens once sperm are made?

A

They get released into the lumen of seminiferous tubules and get collected into the rete testes

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11
Q

In which structure do the sperm start to gain some motility?

A

In the epididimus (dont have ANY motility before enterning epididimus)

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12
Q

When do sperm reach full motility?

A

In the female reproductive tract

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13
Q

Why are the testes outside the body?

A

Because optimal temp is 34 degrees to produce sperm and if in abdomen at 37 degrees, no sperm will be produced and there will be much higher rate of testicular cancer.

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14
Q

Which part of testes is important for temp control?

A

Pampiniform plexus of testicular veins

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15
Q

What is the function of the cremaster muscle?

A

Raises testes much closer to body, during sex or under fear stimulus, skeletal muscle innervation from genitofemoral nerve

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16
Q

What is the function of the dartos muscle and what is it innervated by?

A

smooth muscle that does temp regulation and produces the wrinkled surface on the testus and inervated by postganglionic sympathetic nerve fibres (iliolingual nerve and posterior scrotal nerve)

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17
Q

Which cells are responsible for testosterone production?

A

Leydig cells

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18
Q

What are the actions of testosterone before birth?

A

Male external genatalia, reproductive tract, descent of testes into scrotum

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19
Q

What are the actions of testosterone after birth?

A

Testosterone secretion ceases, testes and remainder of rep sytem is inactive until PUBERTY

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20
Q

What are the 8 actions of testosterone at puberty?

A

Huge surge in testosterone secretion, testes enlarge and spermatogenesis begins, penis and scrotum enlarge, accessory secretory glands enlarge and begin secreting, pubic hair, facial hair, vocal cords lengthen

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21
Q

What are the effects of androgens in males?

A

Hair line recession, development of penis, scrotum and testes

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22
Q

Where do the sperm go after the epididimus?

A

Enter ductus deferens (which is within spermatic cord)

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23
Q

What does the spermatic cord consist of?

A

Muscle and fascial layers, and carries testicular artery and vein

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24
Q

What are seminal vesicles and what do they secrete?

A

Paired, and posterior to bladder, joins with ductus deferens to form ejaculatory duct , secretes fructose and prostaglandins

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25
Q

What forms the ejaculatory ducts?

A

Seminal vesicles and ductus deferens

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26
Q

What do prostoglandins do?

A

Dilate the cervix

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27
Q

Where is the prostate gland and what does it secrete?

A

Walnut shaped gland inferior to bladder
secretes citric acid (nourisment), seminal plasmin (antibiotic that combats UTIs) and PSA (prostate specific antigen) that liquifies seamen after ejaculation

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28
Q

What is seminal plasmin?

A

Antibiotic that combats UTIs and secreted by prostate gland

29
Q

What is PSA?

A

Prostate Specific Antigen- liquifies semen after ejaculation

30
Q

What is the difference between sperm and semen?

A

Sperm are the SINGLE microscopic reproductive cell and semen is the SEMINAL FLUID containing sperm

31
Q

What is a marker for a disrupted structure of prostate gland that can possibly be diagnosed as prostate cancer?

A

PSA - if there is a tumor that disrupts the strucutre of gland, PSa will travel into the blood

32
Q

What are the 3 types of urethra?

A

prostatic, membranous and spongy urethra

33
Q

What are the accessory glands in male reproductive system?

A

Seminal glands, prostate gland and bulboirethral gland

34
Q

What is the corpus cavernosum?

A

Clitoris in females but in males it is paired masses on anterior surface of flaccid penis

35
Q

What is the corpus spongiosum?

A

Single mass surrounding urethra , posterior side of flaccid penis, expanded distal end is the glans

36
Q

What are the 3 E’s of penis function?

A

Erection, Emission, Ejaculation

37
Q

What occurs during an errection?

A

Parasympathetic nerve fibres reach penis via pelvic splanchnic nerves, this dilates the arteries in penis and enables erectile tissues to fill with blood

38
Q

What occurs during emission?

A

The secretions of the glands (seminal vesicles, postate, and bulbourethral) move and so does speramtozoa into the prostatic urethra

39
Q

What occurs during ejaculation?

A

Expulsion of semen by rhythmic contractions of bulbospongiosus and ischiocavernosus muscles that wrap around corpus spongiosum and cavernosa respectively

40
Q

What does the golgi apparatus become in spermatogenesis?

A

Acrosomal vesicle (interaction with egg)

41
Q

What happens to cytoplasm in spermatogenesis?

A

Cytoplasm is completely removed (very compacted nucleus in sperm)

42
Q

What are the ovaries?

A

Gonads of female that remain in abdomen, anchored to body wall via broad ligament (sheet of peritoneum), important for oestrogen synthesis

43
Q

What is the external genatalia of female called?

A

Vulva

44
Q

What is the labia majora equivalent in males?

A

The scrotum

45
Q

What is the clitoris equivalent in males?

A

Penis

46
Q

What is the clitoris?

A

Small erectile body anterior to labia minora,

47
Q

What is the prepuce?

A

Fold of labia minora covering clitoris

48
Q

What is the vesitbule?

A

Potential space between labia minora
urethral opening and vaginal ofrice
bulbs of vestibule and greater vestibular glands

49
Q

What are the internal strucutres of female reproductive stystem?

A

Uterine (fallopian) tubes, and uterus

50
Q

What is the cervix?

A

Inferior neck of the uterus proceeding into vagina

51
Q

What are the cellular structures of the uterus?

A

Perimetrium, myometrium, and endometrium

52
Q

What is the pereimetrium?

A

Peritoneum and underlying connective tissue

53
Q

What is the myometrium?

A

thick layer of smooth muscle-Expands up to 400-500% of normal size

54
Q

What is the endometrium?

A

Simple columnar epithelium with underlying connective tissue

55
Q

What is the vagina?

A

Elastic tube with smooth muscle in wall lined by stratified squamous epithelium

56
Q

What creates anterior and posterior fornix?

A

The projection of cervix into vagina

57
Q

What is a possible reason for females losing germ cells?

A

Once menstruation starts, eggs that are produced are 20-40 years old….so eggs that aren’t quite rite are selected out just before puberty..

58
Q

What do the granulosa cells do?

A

Like the sertoli cells in males- help and protect and nourish germ cell the

59
Q

What occurs before birth to oocyte?

A

Cells from ovary surround oocyte to form primordial follicle

60
Q

What occurs at birth to the oocyte?

A

Completely enclosed in follicular (granulosa) cells

61
Q

What happens at puberty to oocyte?

A

Follicle size increases due to increase in oocyte size

62
Q

What occurs in maturation of the oocyte?

A

Additional cell layers are formed (once 2-3 cell layers thick)- this forms theca interna and externa

63
Q

What do theca cells produce?

A

Androgens that are converted into estrogens (17b-estradiol) by aromatase enzyme (granulosa cells produced it) (equivalent of testosterone)

64
Q

What does the maturation of oocyte require?

A

FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) produced by pituitary gland

65
Q

When does meiosis resume?

A

Every month 10-12 hours before ovulation

66
Q

What happens when the dominant follicle enlarges?

A

It becomes FSH independent and secrets hormone INHIBIN

67
Q

What does the hormone INHIBIN do?

A

Supresses pituritary FSH production causing remaining semi-matured follicles to degenerate (atretic follicles)

68
Q

Why don’t spermatozoa undergo cytokinesis?

A

To allow for total gene products of diploid gene. To stay together, they form a syncytium and break apart just before they are released

BMS2011 ANATOMY (12 decks)

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