Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PSYC 100 > Week 6 > Flashcards

Week 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Brain stem

A

sometimes referred to as the “trunk” of the brain. Responsible for many of the neural functions that keep us alive, including regulating our respiration, heart rate, and digestion
Includes the medulla, pons, midbrain, and diencephalon (consists of the thalamus and hypothalamus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Cerebellum

A

distinctive structure at the back of the brain. Critical for coordinated movement and posture. Contains the greatest number of neurons of any structure in the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Cerebral hemispheres

A

responsible for our cognitive abilities and conscious experience
Consist of the cerebral cortex and the accompanying white matter as well as the subcortical structures of the basal ganglia, amygdala, and hippocampal formation
Largest and most visible part of the brain
Consists of two hemispheres and gives the brain its characteristic gray and convoluted appearance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Folds and grooves of the cerebral cortex

A

Gyri and sulci

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Occipital lobe

A

responsible for vision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Temporal lobe

A

involved in auditory processing, memory, and the multisensory integration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Parietal lobe

A

houses the somatosensory cortex and structures involved in visual attention, as well as multisensory convergence zones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Frontal lobe

A

Houses the motor cortex and structure involved in motor planning, language, judgment, and decision-making

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Basal ganglia

A

critical to voluntary movement and as such make contact with the cortex, the thalamus, and the brain stem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

limbic system

A

A loosely defined network of nuclei in the brain involved with learning and emotion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Amygdala

A

responsible for emotional responses, especially in situations involving anxiety, fear, or rage.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

hippocampus

A

with your learning and memory. It converts short-term memories into long-term memories by organizing, storing and retrieving memories within your brain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

split brain patients

A

corpus callosum was surgically severed (callosotomy) or due to a genetic abnormality. Because of the contralateral representation of sensory information, if an object is placed in only the left or only the right visual hemifield, then only the right or left hemisphere, respectively, of the split-brain patient will see it. Because language is very often localized in the left hemisphere, if we show the right hemisphere a picture and ask the patient what she saw, she will say she didn’t see anything

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Which hemisphere is associated with language

A

left hemisphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Gray matter

A

composed of the neuronal cell bodies. The cell bodies (or soma) contain the genes of the cell and are responsible for metabolism and synthesizing proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

White matter

A

composed of the axons of the neurons, and, in particular, axons that are covered with a sheath of myelin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the result of the loss of gray and white matter

A

deficits in language, memory, reasoning, and other mental functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Phrenology

A

Phrenologists assumed that various features of the brain, such as its uneven surface, are reflected on the skull; therefore, they attempted to correlate bumps and indentations of the skull with specific functions of the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Virtual dissection

A

Brain is imaged using computerized axial tomography or MRI scanners; they reveal with very high precision the various structures in the brain and can help detect changes in gray or white matter
These changes in the brain can then be correlated with behaviour, such as performance on memory tests, and, therefore, implicate specific brain areas in certain cognitive functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Transcranial magnetic stimulation

A

refers to a technique whereby a brief magnetic pulse is applied to the head that temporarily induces a weak electrical current in the brain
Allows for very precise study of when events in the brain happen so it has a good temporal resolution, but its application is limited only to the surface of the cortex and cannot extend to deep areas of the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Transcranial direct current stimulation

A

uses electrical current directly, rather than inducing it with magnetic pulses, by placing small electrodes on the skull
Brain area is stimulated by a low current for a more extended period of time than TMS
When used in combination with cognitive training, tDCS has been shown to improve perfromance of many cognitive functions such as mathematical ability, memory, attention, and coordination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Neuroimaging tools

A

used to study the brain inaction; that is, when it is engaged in a specific task

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Position emission tomography

A

records blood flow in the brain
PET scanner detects the radioactive substance that is injected into the bloodstream of the participant just before or while he or she is performing some task
detect the injected radioactive substance in specific brain regions, allowing researchers to infer that those areas were active during the task

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Functional magnetic resonance imaging

A

relies on blood flow in the brain
Measures the changes in oxygen levels in the blood and does not require any substance to be injected into the participant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Electroencephalography

A

measures the electrical activity of the brain, and therefore, It has a much greater temporal resolution, depending on how it is used
More electrodes are used
Measure rather than produce activity
Any particular electrode can be coming from anywhere in the brain, EEG has poor spatial resolution; that is, we have only a rough idea of which part of the brain generates the measured activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Diffuse optical imaging

A

can give researchers the best of both worlds: high spatial and temporal resolution, depending on how it is used
One shines infrared light into the brain, and measures the light that comes back out
Relies on the fact that the properties of the light change when it passes through oxygenated blood, or when it encounters active neurons
When DOI is set up to directly detect active neurons, it has both high spatial and temporal resolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Psychophysiology

A

defined as any research in which the dependent variable is a physiological measure, and the independent variable is behavioural or mental

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Physiological measures

A

take many forms and range from blood flow or neural activity in the brain to heart rate variability and eye movements
These measures can provide information about processes including emotion, cognition, and the interactions between them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Psychophysiological methods

A

a subset of the very large domain of neuroscience methods
Many neuroscience methods are invasive, such as involving lesions of neural tissue, injection of neutrally active chemicals, or manipulation of neural activity via electrical stimulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Structural magnetic resonance imaging

A

a noninvasive technique that allows researchers and clinicians to view anatomical structures within a human. This image may be used to compare the size of structures in different groups of people or to increase the accuracy of spatial locations as measured with functional magnetic resonance imaging

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Functional magnetic resonance imaging

A

a method that is used to assess changes in activity of tissue, such as measuring changes in neural activity in different areas of the brain during thought. Builds on the principles of sMRI and also uses the property that, when neurons fire, they use energy, which must be replenished

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Process of functional magnetic resonance imaging

A

Glucose and oxygen, two key components for energy production, are supplied to the brain from the blood stream as needed
Oxygen is transported through the blood using hemoglobin, which contains binding sites for oxygen
When these sites are saturated with oxygen, it is referred to as oxygenated hemoglobin
When the oxygen molecules have all been released from a hemoglobin molecule, it is known as deoxygenated hemoglobin
Measures the change in the concentration of oxygenated hemoglobin, which is known as the blood-oxygen-level-dependent signal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

electroencephalogram (EEG)

A

uses at least two and sometimes 256 electrodes to measure the difference in electrical charge between pairs of points on the head.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

electrocortiography (ECoG)

A

typically used prior to medical procedures for localizing activity, such as the origin of epileptic seizures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Advange of EEG

A

its temporal resolution. Data can be recorded thousands of times per second, allowing researchers to document events that happen in less than a millisecond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Magnetioencephalography

A

Technique used for noninvasively measuring neural activity. Flow of electrical charged associated with neural activity produces very weak magnetic fields that can be detected by sensors placed near the participant’s scalp. Has same temporal resolution of EEG. Not susceptible to distortions from the skull and the scalp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Positron emission tomography (PET)

A

A medical imaging technique that is used to measure processes in the body, including the brain. Relies on a positron-emitting tracer atom that is introduced into the blood stream in a biologically active molecule, such as glucose, water, ammonia. Allows researchers to construct a three-dimensional image of the areas of the brain that have the highest metabolic needs, typically those that are more active

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Transcranial magnetic stimulation

A

a noninvasive method that causes depolarization or hyperpolarization in neurons near the scalp. Not considered psychophysiological because the independent variable is physiological, rather than dependent. Qualifies as a neuroscience method because it deals with the function of the nervous system, and it can readily be combined with conventional psychophysiological methods. A coil of wire is placed above the participant’s scale and when electricity flows, it produces a magnetic field.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

Includes skin conductance, cardiovascular responses, muscle activity, pupil diameter, eye blinks, and eye movements. All parts of the nervous system, excluding the brain and spinal cord; relays information between the CNS and other parts of the body

40
Q

Central nervous system

A

the body’s coordinating centre for mechanical and chemical actions; made up of the brain and spinal cord

41
Q

Sweat glands

A

Responsible for moisture and are controlled by the sympathetic nervous system

42
Q

Cardiovascular measures

A

heart rate, heart rate variability, blood pressure

43
Q

Electromyography

A

Measures electrical activity produced by skeletal muscles. Measures voltage between two points. Can be used to determine when a participant first initiates muscle activity to engage in a motor response to a stimulus or the degree to which a participant begins to engage in an incorrect response, even if it never visibly executed.

44
Q

Advantage of structural MRI

A

High-resolution imaging, mon-invasive, multi-plane imaging, adaptability, longitudinal studies,

45
Q

Disadvantages of structural MRI

A

High cost, time-consuming, motion sensitivity, noise and discomfort

46
Q

Disadvantages of EEG

A

Low spatial resolution, susceptibility to noise, limited depth measurement, time consuming

47
Q

Advantages of EEOG

A

High-spatial resolution, high temporal resolution, direct measurement

48
Q

Disadvantages of EEOG

A

Invasive, High cost and specialized resources

49
Q

Advantages of MEG

A

High temporal resolution, good spatial resolution, non-invasive, direct measurement,

50
Q

Disadvantages of MEG

A

High cost, limited availability, motion sensitivity, complex data analysis

51
Q

Advantages of PET

A

Provides detailed information about metabolic activity and physiological functions, capable of identifying abnormalities at the cellular level, measures metabolic activity quantitatively

52
Q

Disadvantages of PET

A

Radiation exposure, high cost, limited spatial resolution, time-consuming

53
Q

Advantages of TMS

A

Non-invasive, painless, allows precise stimulation of specific brain regions

54
Q

Disadvantages of TMS

A

Limited depth stimulation, high cost, time-consuming, side effects

55
Q

Development of the nervous system

A

During development, the nervous tissue emerges from ectoderm through the process of neural induction. This process causes the formation of the neural tube, which extends in a rostrocadual. As gestation progresses, the neural tube balloons up at the rostral end, and forebrain, midbrain, and the spinal cord can be visually delineated. The progenitor cells that form the lining of the neural tube generate all the neurons and glial cells of the central nervous system. During early stages of this development, neuroblasts rapidly divide and specialize into many varieties of neurons and glial cells. The neuroepithelium generates a group of specialized cells that migrate outside the neural tube to form the neural crest. This structure gives rise to sensory and autonomic neurons in the peripheral nervous system

56
Q

ectoderm

A

The outermost layer of a developing fetus

57
Q

Neural induction

A

A process that causes the formation of the neural tube

58
Q

Rostrocaudal

A

a front-back plane used to identify anatomical structures in the body and the brain

59
Q

Spina bifida

A

A developmental disease of the spinal cord, where the neural tube does not close caudally

60
Q

Forebrain

A

a part of the nervous system that contains the cerebra hemispheres, thalamus, and hypothalamus

61
Q

neuroblasts

A

Brain progenitor cells that asymmetrically divide into other neuroblasts or nerve cells

62
Q

neuroepithelium

A

the lining of the neural tube

63
Q

neural crest

A

a set of primordial neurons that migrate outside the neural tube and give rise to sensory and autonomic neurons in the peripheral nervous system

64
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

A part of the peripheral nervous system that connects to glands and smooth muscles. Consists of sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions

65
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

A part of the peripheral nervous system that uses cranial and spinal nerves in volitional actions

66
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

a division of the autonomic nervous system that is slower than its counterpart- that is, the sympathetic nervous system- and works in opposition to it. Generally engaged in “rest and digest” functions

67
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

a division of the autonomic nervous system, that is faster than its counterpart that is the parasympathetic nervous system and work in opposition to it. Generally engaged in “fight or flight” functions

68
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

Divided into somatic and autonomic nervous system

69
Q

Central nervous system

A

Divided into a number of important parts, including the spinal cord, each specialized to perform a set of specific functions

70
Q

Primary motor cortext

A

connects to the muscles of the body, and on volitional command moves them

71
Q

cerebrum

A

Consists of left and right hemispheres that sit at the top of the nervous system and engages in a variety of higher-order functions

72
Q

Sulcus

A

the crevices or fissures formed by convolutions in the brain

73
Q

Gyrus

A

A buldge that is raised between or among fissures of the convoluted brain

74
Q

Central sulcus

A

the major fissure that divides the fornal and parietal lobes

75
Q

lateral sulcus

A

The major fissure hat delineates the temporal lobe below the frontal and parietal lobes

76
Q

Primary motor cortex

A

A strip of cortex just in front of the central sulcus that is involved with motor control

77
Q

Broca’s area

A

An area in the frontal lobe of the left hemisphere. Implicated in language production

78
Q

Primary somatosensory cortex

A

A strip of cerebral tissue that just behind the central sulcus engaged in sensory reception of bodily sensations

79
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

Involved with language comprehension and is connected to and Broca’s area through the arcuate fasciculus, nerve fibers that connect these two regions

80
Q

Result of damage to the Wernicke’s area

A

many kinds of agnosia’s. Individual may show word deafness or word blindness

81
Q

Agnosia

A

An inability to know or understand language and speech related behaviours

82
Q

Frontal lobe

A

the most forward region of the cerebral hemispheres

83
Q

parietal lobe

A

An area of the cerebrum just behind the central sulcus that is engaged with somatosensory and gustatory sensation

84
Q

Occipital lobe

A

The back part of the cerebrum, which houses the visual ares

85
Q

thalamus

A

a part of the diencephalon that works as a gateway for incoming and outgoing information

86
Q

transduction

A

A process in which physical energy converts into neural energy

87
Q

optic nerves

A

travel all the way to the thalamus and then to the visual cortex, where images that are received on the retina are projected

88
Q

hypothalamus

A

Part of the diencephalon. Regulates biological drives with the pituitary gland. Plays a key role in regulating endocrine hormones in conjunction with the pituitary gland that extends from the hypothalamus through a stalk

89
Q

Hindbrain

A

With the pons, processes sensory and motor information employing the cranial nerves, works as a bridge that connects to the cerebral cortex with the medulla, and reciprocally transfers information back and forth between the brain and the spinal cord

90
Q

Pons

A

a bridge that connects the cerebral cortex with the medulla, and reciprocally transfers information back and forth between the brain and the spinal cord

91
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

an area just above the spinal cord that processes breathing, digestion, heart and blood vessel function, swallowing, and sneezing

92
Q

Cerebellum

A

A nervous system structure behind and below the cerebrum. Controls motor movement coordination, balance, equilibrium, and muscle tone

93
Q

immunocytochemistry

A

A method of staining tissue including the brain, using antibodies

94
Q

leison methods

A

a surgical method in which a part of the animal brain is removed to study its effects on behaviour or function

95
Q

Computerized axial tomography

A

uses x-rays to capture many pictures of the brain and sandwiches them into 3-D models to study it. Resolution of this method is inferior to magnetic resonance imaging

96
Q

MRI imaging

A

a way to capture brain images using large magnets that bobble hydrogen nuclei in the brain. They do not provide any functional information about the brain

97
Q

Afferent nerves

A

Nerves that carry message to the brain or spinal cord

PSYC 100 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions