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PSYC 100 > Week 2 > Flashcards

Week 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Key components to a statistical investigation

A

Planning the study, examining the data, inferring the data, drawing conclusions, distributional thinking

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2
Q

Examining the data

A

The most fundamental principle of statistics is that data may vary. The pattern of that variation is crucial to capture and understand. Values of a variable vary. Analyzing the pattern of variation, called the distribution of the variable, often reveals insights

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3
Q

Statistical significance

A

Even when patterns in data are found, there is often still uncertainty in various aspects of the data. There may be potential for measurement errors (even body temperature can fluctuate by almost 1 degree over the course of the day) We may only have a “snapshot” of observations from a more long-term process or only a small subset of individuals from the population of interest

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4
Q

P-value

A

The probability of observing a particular outcome in a sample, or more extreme, under a conjecture about the larger population or process. Tells you how often a random process would give a result at least as extreme as what was found in the actual study, assuming there was nothing other than random chance at play

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5
Q

Level of significance

A

A result is statistically significant if it is unlikely to arise by chance alone. If the p-value is smaller than the cut-off value, then we reject the hypothesis that only random chance was at play

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6
Q

sample

A

The collection of individuals on which we collect data. Sample from a larger group of individuals (the population) in such a way that conclusions from the sample can be generalized to the larger population

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7
Q

Generalized

A

Related to whether the results from the sample can be generalized to a larger population

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8
Q

population

A

A larger collection of individuals that we would like to generalize our results to

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9
Q

Random sample

A

using a probability-based method to select a subset of individuals for the sample from the population. Involves numbering every member of the population and then using a computer to randomly select the subject to be surveyed

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10
Q

Margin or error

A

The expected amount of random variation in a statistic; often defined for 95% confidence level

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11
Q

Non-random samples

A

Often suspect to bias, meaning the sampling method systemically over-represents some segments of the population and under-represents others. Consider other sources of bias, such as individuals not responding honestly

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12
Q

cause and effect

A

Related to whether we say one variable is casing changes in the other variable, versus other variables that may be related to these two variables

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13
Q

Randomly assigning

A

using a probability-based method to divide a sample into treatment groups. Apply the probability model to approximate as a p-value, but this time the models will be a bit different

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14
Q

Operational definitions

A

How researchers specifically measure a concept

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14
Q

Independent variable

A

The variable the researcher manipulates ad controls in an experiment

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15
Q

Dependent variable

A

The variable the researcher measures but does not manipulate in an experiment

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16
Q

Random assignment

A

Using a probability-based method to divide a sample into treatment groups. Critical to experimentation because if the only difference between the two groups is the independent variable, we can infer that the independent variable is the cause of any observable difference between the two groups

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17
Q

confounds

A

Things that could undermine your ability to draw casual inferences

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18
Q

How to prevent confounds

A

using a double-blind procedure

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19
Q

double blind procedure

A

neither the participant nor the experimenter knows which condition the participant is in

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20
Q

correlational designs

A

when scientists passively observe and measure phenomena. We do not intervene and change behaviour as we do in experiments. Identify patterns of a relationship, but usually cannot infer what causes what

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21
Q

Correlation coefficient

A

Provides information about the direction and strength of the association between two variables.

22
Q

Positive correlation

A

The two variables go up or down together

23
Q

Negative correlation

A

the two variables move in opposite directions. One goes up, and the other goes down

24
Q

Strong correlation

A

The r value will have a high absolute value. If the value is large, it has a strong correlation

25
Q

Weak correlation

A

The two variables correspond some of the time, but does not most of the time. R value has a low absolute value

26
Q

Uncorrelated

A

if two variables are so weakly related as to be unrelated. R value will be zero or very close to zero

27
Q

Problem with correlation

A

Correlation does not mean causation- an often repeated phrase among psychologists

28
Q

Qualitative Designs

A

Includes participant observation, case studies, and narrative analysis

29
Q

case study

A

Involves an intensive examination of specific individuals or specific contexts

30
Q

Narrative analysis

A

Centres around the study of stories and personal accounts of people, groups, or cultures. Researchers examine personal testimonies in order to learn more about the psychology of those individuals or groups

31
Q

Quasi-Experimental design

A

An experiment that does not require random assignment to conditions. Relies on existing group memberships, cannot reasonably draw the same conclusions that you would with an experimental design

32
Q

Longitudinal studies

A

A study that follows the same group of individuals over time. Provides valuable evidence for testing many theories in psychology, but they can be quite costly to conduct, especially if they follow many people for many years

33
Q

Surveys

A

A way of gathering information, using old-fashioned questionnaires or the internet. Can reach a larger number of participants at a much lower cost. Usually used for correlational research

34
Q

Limitations to correlational and quasi-experimental research

A

Many practical concerns may influence the decision to use one method over another. Another consideration is selecting a research design is the ethics of the study. Ethical considerations are a crucial factor in determining an appropriate research design

35
Q

Placebo effect

A

When receiving special treatment or something new affects human behaviour

36
Q

Laboratory experiments and their limitations

A

can clearly separate cause from effect and therefore establish casuality. Clear that a scientific field that is mainly based on controlled laboratory studies ends up lopsided. Accumulates a lot of knowledge on what can happen under carefully isolated and controlled circumstances, but has little to say about what actually does happen under the circumstances that people actually encounter in their daily lives

37
Q

generalize

A

In research, the degree to which one can extend conclusions drawn from teh findings of a study to other groups or situations not included in the study

38
Q

Internal validity

A

The degree to which a study allows ambiguous casual inferences

39
Q

external validity

A

the degree to which a finding generalizes from the specific sample and context of a study to some larger population and broader settings

40
Q

field studies

A

allows for the important test of how psychological variables and processes of interest “behave” under real world circumstances

41
Q

highly sophisticated and carefully controlled

A

Offer ways to isolate the variety of neural, hormonal, and cellular mechanisms that link psychological variables such as chronic stress to biological outcomes such as immunosuppression

42
Q

ecological validity

A

used to refer to the degree to which an effect has been obtained under conditions that are typical for what happens in everyday life

43
Q

Face validity

A

the degree to which a procedure or method measures what it intends to measure

44
Q

Experience sampling method

A

A methodology where participants report on their momentary thoughts, feelings, and behaviours at different points in time over the course of the day

45
Q

ecological momentary assessment

A

an overarching term to describe methodologies that repeatedly sample participants’ real work experiences, behaviour, and physiology in real time

46
Q

Diary method

A

A methodology where participants complete a questionnaire about their thoughts, feelings, and behaviour of the day at the end of the day

47
Q

Experience sampling and related momentary self report

A

have helped make progress in almost all areas of psychology. Ensure receiving many measurements from many participants, and has further inspired the development of novel statistical methods

48
Q

Day reconstruction method

A

A methodology where participants describe their experiences and behaviour of a given day retrospectively upon a systemic reconstruction of the following day. Developed to obtain information about a person’s daily experiences without going through the burden of collecting momentary experience-sampling data

49
Q

Electronically activated recorder (EAR)

A

a methodology where participants wear a small portable recorder that intermittently records snippets of ambient sounds around them. Allows the observation to be done in peoples’ everyday lives. Coarse documentation of daily activities and social encounters. Rich data, been used to observe cultural and gender differences in socialbility.

50
Q

Examples of EAR

A

time-lapse photography, personal and professional spaces, contents of garbage, video-based methods

51
Q

Ambulatory assessment

A

An overarching term to describe methodologies that assess the behaviour, physiology, experience, and environments of humans in naturalistic settings

52
Q

Linguistic analysis

A

A quantitative text analysis methodology that automatically extracts grammatical and psychological information from a text by counting word frequencies

PSYC 100 (12 decks)

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